Effectiveness of a positive deviance approach to improve appropriate feeding and nutritional status in South West Region, Ethiopia: A study protocol for a cluster randomized control trial

Abstract

Background Non-optimal infant and young child feeding practices (IYCFP) are linked to malnutrition and infant mortality in poor countries, notably in Ethiopia. The majority of growth stalls occur within the first two years of life; hence, there is a need to discover interventions that enhance appropriate IYCFP for improving nutritional outcomes during this critical period. Using the experience of mothers who have come up with solutions to their IYCFP problems to educate others, is a potential pathway to initiate and sustain behavioral changes in resource-limited areas. However, such interventions are not widely implemented in Ethiopia. Objective This study aims to assess the effectiveness of a positive deviance approach (PDA) to improve appropriate feeding and nutritional status in South West region, Ethiopia. Methods A cluster randomized controlled trial will be conducted to compare the effect of positive deviant intervention versus routine health education. The intervention will be provided by positive deviant mothers based on uncommon practices that potentially benefit IYCFP will be identified. Training of the trainers manual on counselling and supporting non-positive deviant mothers based on the uncommon practices identified and WHO IYCFP guidelines will be provided for facilitating change. Culturally appropriate and scientifically acceptable operational packages of information will be developed. A total of 516 mothers will be recruited from 36 zones. The intervention arm will receive 12 demonstration sessions in groups and every 15th day home visit by positive deviant mothers. Data will be entered into epi data version 3.1 and analyzed using STATA version 16.0. All analyses will be done as intention-to-treat. We will fit the mixed effects linear regression model for continuous outcomes and mixed effects linear probability model for the binary outcomes in the study zone as a random intercept to estimate study arm difference (intervention vs. routine health education) adjusted for the baseline values of the outcome and additional relevant covariates. Discussion We expect that the trial will generate findings informing IYCFP and nutritional policies and practices in Ethiopia. Trial registration This trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov as PACTR202108880303760, 30/8/2021.