Effectiveness of symptom validity measures in identifying cognitive and behavioral symptom exaggeration in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Marshall, Paul; Schroeder, Ryan W.; O’Brien, Jeffrey B.; Fischer, R.; Ries, Adam; Blesi, Brita; Barker, Jessica L.

doi:10.1080/13854046.2010.514290

Cited by 130 publications

(106 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Psychostimulants are frequently prescribed to enhance classroom learning and are increasingly sought out by individuals without ADHD for the same reason. Indeed, stimulants also enhance learning in normal populations (Rapoport et al 1980;Rapoport and Inoff-Germain 2002;Marshall et al 2010). Thus, the degree to which MPH directly enhances LTM warrants further examination.…”

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confidence: 99%

Animal model of methylphenidate's long-term memory-enhancing effects

et al. 2014

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Methylphenidate (MPH), introduced more than 60 years ago, accounts for two-thirds of current prescriptions for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Although many studies have modeled MPH's effect on executive function, almost none have directly modeled its effect on long-term memory (LTM), even though improvement in LTM is a critical target of therapeutic intervention in ADHD. We examined the effects of a wide range of doses of MPH (0.01 -10 mg/kg, i.p.) on Pavlovian fear learning, a leading model of memory. MPH's effects were then compared to those of atomoxetine (0.1 -10 mg/kg, i.p.), bupropion (0.5 -20 mg/kg, i.p.), and citalopram (0.01 -10 mg/kg, i.p.). At low, clinically relevant doses, MPH enhanced fear memory; at high doses it impaired memory. MPH's memory-enhancing effects were not confounded by its effects on locomotion or anxiety. Further, MPH-induced memory enhancement seemed to require both dopamine and norepinephrine transporter inhibition. Finally, the addictive potential of MPH (1 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg) was compared to those of two other psychostimulants, amphetamine (0.005 mg/kg and 1.5 mg/kg) and cocaine (0.15 mg/kg and 15 mg/ kg), using a conditioned place preference and behavioral sensitization paradigm. We found that memory-enhancing effects of psychostimulants observed at low doses are readily dissociable from their reinforcing and locomotor activating effects at high doses. Together, our data suggest that fear conditioning will be an especially fruitful platform for modeling the effects of psychostimulants on LTM in drug development.

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confidence: 99%

Animal model of methylphenidate's long-term memory-enhancing effects

et al. 2014

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“…Additionally, since RTV has also been suggested to be able to greatly reduce the number of false-positive ADHD diagnoses [42,43], we suggest that a further differentiation between the sensory and motor aspects of RTV may even more improve upon the use of this marker in ADHD diagnostics, follow-up examinations and finer differentiation between ADHD subtypes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential Associations of Dopamine-Related Polymorphisms with Discrete Components of Reaction Time Variability: Relevance for Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Grant¹,

Kuepper²,

Wielpuetz³

et al. 2014

Neuropsychobiology

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Background: Reaction time variability (RTV) is considered a valid endophenotype of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). It is also often used to examine the efficacy of drug treatment or individual patients' treatment responses and has been furthermore suggested to significantly reduce the potential number of false-positive diagnoses. Among the most commonly investigated candidate genes for ADHD are DRD2, SLC6A3 (DAT), COMT and MAOA. Genetic associations have, however, proven inconclusive or inconsistent. Methods: Due to the complexity of dopaminergic neurotransmission in the two distinct prosencephalic dopamine pathways, we examined whether the effects of dopamine-related candidate polymorphisms in the genes DRD2, SLC6A3, COMT and MAOA may be differentially associated with discrete subcomponents of RTV, rather than global RTV. A total of 260 healthy volunteers were genotyped for the aforementioned polymorphisms and performed a reaction time paradigm able to distinguish between sensory and motor reaction time. Results: We found that functional polymorphisms in the genes encoding for dopamine-catabolizing enzymes (i.e. COMT and MAOA) are associated with motor RTV but not with sensory RTV, whereas vice versa the gene DRD2 influences sensory but not motor RTV. No significant associations for the gene SLC6A3 (DAT) were found. Conclusions: Our results give new insight into the inconsistent state of the literature regarding genetic associations of RTV and clearly show that the examination of subcomponents thereof explains far more variance compared to global RTV. This could be of great relevance to the use of RTV in basic research, clinical diagnostics and pharmacological studies examining the efficacy of novel drug treatments.

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“…Those looking to obtain a prescription for stimulant medications know which symptoms to report to their physicians (Kadison, 2005). In recent studies of adults being assessed for ADHD, between one-fifth and one-half of all patients are believed to have exaggerated their symptoms (Marshall et al, 2010;Sullivan, May, & Galbally, 2007). Given the ease with which symptoms are faked, prescriptions for stimulant medications can be easy to obtain.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%