Effects of brief and intermediate exposures to sulfate submicron aerosols and sulfate injections on cardiopulmonary function of dogs and tracheal mucous velocity of sheep

Abstract

Pulmonary mechanics of anesthetized dogs were not changed or were minimally altered by breathing the following compounds as submicron aerosols in concentrations up to 17.3 mg/m3 for 7.5 min: (1) sodium chloride (as a control), (2) sodium sulfate, (3) ammonium sulfate, (4) zinc sulfate, (5) zinc ammonium sulfate, (6) ammonium bisulfate, (7) aluminum sulfate, (8) manganese sulfate, (9) nickel sulfate, (10) copper sulfate, (11) ferrous sulfate, and (12) ferric sulfate. Submicron aerosols of these compounds in concentrations of 4.1-8.8 mg/m3, administered for 4 h to anesthetized dogs, did not affect mechanics of breathing, hemodynamics, and arterial blood gases. In conscious sheep, tracheal mucous velocity was not altered by exposure to the submicron aerosols of the sulfate compounds. None of these compounds, injected iv in a dose of 1 mg, had adverse effects on mechanics of breathing, pulmonary and systemic hemodynamics, or arterial blood gases. In 100-mg injections, zinc sulfate and zinc ammonium sulfate produced a fall in cardiac output, systemic hypotension, hypoxemia, and metabolic acidosis. Copper sulfate at this dose produced pulmonary hypertension, a fall in cardiac output, hypoxemia, respiratory acidosis, and a decrease of specific total respiratory conductance. It is concluded that submicron aerosols of sulfate salts do not have adverse cardiopulmonary effects when administered in high concentrations for up to 4 h. However, prolonged exposure to high concentrations of zinc sulfate, zinc ammonium sulfate, and copper sulfate aerosols should be carefully monitored because of the possibility that lower levels of these compounds in the bloodstream for long time period might have adverse cardiopulmonary effects.

Effects of airborne pollutants on mucociliary clearance.

“…No effect was observed on tracheal mucociliary clearance in dogs exposed to 5 mg/m3 concentrations of 0.3 ,um aerosols while decided effects were observed at 1.0 mg/m3 concentrations of 0.9 ,um aerosols (70). These results are consistent with those of Sackner et al (76,77) who showed a lack of effect of 0.1 to 0.2 ,um H2SO4 aerosols on mucociliary clearance in sheep at concentrations up to 14 mg/m3. Mucociliary clearance effects have been noted in studies by others using H2SO4 particles greater than 0.5 ,um MMAD in size (70-72).…”

“…Last (89) has shown ammonium persulfate to produce results similar to those of sulfuric acid mist. Studies by Sackner (76,77) have shown no effects on pulmonary function in dogs or tracheal mucociliary clearance in sheep exposed to submicron aerosols (0.05-0.2 jim) at concentrations ranging from 4 to 9 mg/m3 of sodium sulfate, ammonium sulfate, zinc sulfate, zinc ammonium sulfate, ammonium bisulfate, aluminum sulfate, manganese sulfate, nickel sulfate, copper sulfate, ferrous sulfate, and ferric sulfate. The lack of response may be related to the small size of aerosols used.…”

Safety Assessment of Zinc Salts as Used in Cosmetics

“…33 In dogs and sheep, inhalation exposure to ≤1.9 mg/m 3 (1%) and ≤3.0 mg/m 3 (0.5%) of free zinc from Zinc Sulfate, respectively, for up to 4 h did not affect lung function (dogs) or tracheal mucous velocity (sheep). 96…”

The Steubenville Comprehensive Air Monitoring Program (SCAMP): Concentrations and Solubilities of PM2.5 Trace Elements and Their Implications for Source Apportionment and Health Research

“…Such research should also examine whether aerosol acidity, which was not directly measured as part of SCAMP, plays a role in solubilizing Fe. Additional research on the health effects of soluble fine particulate Fe is also warranted, because several studies 58,59 have failed to discover any statistically significant associations between Fe and adverse health end points, and another 60 has suggested that both the soluble and insoluble fractions of PM contain ionizable metals that can catalyze oxidative stress.…”