Effects of dietary docosahexaenoic to eicosapentaenoic acid ratio (DHA/EPA) on growth, nonspecific immunity, expression of some immune related genes and disease resistance of large yellow croaker (Larmichthys crocea) following natural infestation of parasites (Cryptocaryon irritans)

Zuo, Rantao; Ai, Qinghui; Mai, Kangsen; Xu, Wei; Wang, Jun; Xu, Houguo; Liufu, Zhiguo; Zhang, Yanjiao

doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2011.12.045

Cited by 98 publications

(69 citation statements)

References 75 publications

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“…However, the results of the present study indicated that dietary DHA/EPA ratios within the tested dietary range (0.65–2.67) had no significant impact on growth performance or feed utilization of juvenile black seabream. These results are somewhat contradictory with those of a recent study on juveniles of large yellow croaker ( Larmichthys crocea ), where it was reported that high dietary ratios of DHA/EPA (2.17–3.04) significantly improved growth performance [45]. While the reasons for such an apparent discrepancy cannot be established, it cannot be ruled out that dietary DHA/EPA ratio above 2.6 could have also resulted in growth enhancing effect in black seabream juveniles.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 71%

Dietary DHA/EPA ratio affected tissue fatty acid profiles, antioxidant capacity, hematological characteristics and expression of lipid-related genes but not growth in juvenile black seabream (Acanthopagrus schlegelii)

Jin

Monroig

et al. 2017

PLoS ONE

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An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary docosahexaenoic to eicosapentaenoic acid ratio (DHA/EPA) on growth performance, fatty acid profiles, antioxidant capacity, hematological characteristics and expression of some lipid metabolism related genes of juvenile black seabream (Acanthopagrus schlegelii) of initial weight 9.47 ± 0.03 g. Five isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets (45% crude protein and 14% crude lipid) were formulated to contain graded DHA/EPA ratios of 0.65, 1.16, 1.60, 2.03 and 2.67. There were no differences in growth performance and feed utilization among treatments. Fish fed higher DHA/EPA ratios had higher malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in serum than lower ratios. Serum triacylglycerol (TAG) content was significantly higher in fish fed the lowest DHA/EPA ratio. Tissue fatty acid profiles reflected the diets despite down-regulation of LC-PUFA biosynthesis genes, fatty acyl desaturase 2 (fads2) and elongase of very long-chain fatty acids 5 (elovl5), by high DHA/EPA ratios. Expression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha (accα) and carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1A (cpt1a) were up-regulated by high DHA/EPA ratio, whereas sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 (srebp-1) and hormone-sensitive lipase (hsl) were down-regulated. Fatty acid synthase (fas), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6pgd) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (pparα) showed highest expression in fish fed intermediate (1.16) DHA/EPA ratio. Overall, this study indicated that dietary DHA/EPA ratio affected fatty acid profiles and significantly influenced lipid metabolism including LC-PUFA biosynthesis and other anabolic and catabolic pathways, and also had impacts on antioxidant capacity and hematological characteristics.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 71%

Dietary DHA/EPA ratio affected tissue fatty acid profiles, antioxidant capacity, hematological characteristics and expression of lipid-related genes but not growth in juvenile black seabream (Acanthopagrus schlegelii)

Jin

Monroig

et al. 2017

PLoS ONE

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“…Dietary n-3 LC-PUFA Content (% Dry Weight) Besides the effects of the absolute dietary total n-3 LC-PUFA levels on physiological and biochemical processes, the ratio of DHA to EPA also exerts the same significant influences on several physiological parameters [115][116][117][118][119][120][121]. In this context, most of the studies conducted in marine carnivorous fish species so far, established an optimum dietary DHA/EPA ratio between 1 and 2 [119][120][121][122][123][124].…”

Section: Growth Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

Macronutrient Requirements of Silvery-Black Porgy (Sparidentex hasta): A Comparison with Other Farmed Sparid Species

Mozanzadeh¹,

Marammazi²,

Yaghoubi³

et al. 2017

Fishes

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Silvery-black porgy (Sparidentex hasta) is recognized as one of the most promising fish species for aquaculture diversification in the Persian Gulf and the Oman Sea regions. In this regard, S. hasta has received considerable attention, and nutritional studies focused on establishing the nutritional requirements for improving diet formulation have been conducted during recent years. Considering the results from different dose-response nutritional studies on macronutrient requirements conducted in this species, it can be concluded that diets containing ca. 48% crude protein, 15% crude lipid, 15% carbohydrates and 20 KJ g −1 gross energy are recommended for on-growing S. hasta juveniles. In addition, the optimum essential amino acid profile for this species (expressed as g 16 g N −1 ), should be approximately arginine 5.3, lysine 6.0, threonine 5.2, histidine 2.5, isoleucine 4.6, leucine 5.4, methionine + cysteine 4.0 (in a diet containing 0.6 cysteine), phenylalanine + tyrosine 5.6 (in a diet containing 1.9 tyrosine), tryptophan 1.0 and valine 4.6. Moreover, the optimum dietary n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and soybean lecithin are recommended to be 0.8% and 6%, respectively. The maximum replacement of fish meal with soy protein is recommended to be between 16.5% and 27.3%. In addition, different vegetal oil sources are also recommended for partial and almost complete replacement of fish oil in diets. Although the nutritional requirements in terms of macronutrients have been established under laboratory conditions, the analysis of the available literature indicate that future studies need to be conducted using a more holistic approach under intensive farming conditions in which different nutrients or additives need to be tested under different rearing conditions for refining nutrient requirements in this species.

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“…The n‐3 long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC‐PUFA) in question is termed an essential fatty acid (EFA). As two of the main n‐3 LC‐PUFAs, docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n‐3, DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n‐3, EPA) play unique roles in regulating growth performance, survival, lipid metabolism, reproduction, and immune function in fish (Izquierdo et al ; Fernández‐Palacios et al ; Zuo et al ). Being two of the most important EFAs of many marine fish species, the quantitative DHA and EPA requirements have been demonstrated in a variety of fish, such as gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata (Kalogeropoulos et al ); sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax (Coutteau et al ); turbot, Psetta maxima (Gatesoupe et al ); and Japanese flounder, Paralicthys olivaceus (Takeuchi ).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Wu et al () has reported in juvenile grouper, Epinephelus malabaricus , that enhanced growth was observed when the dietary DHA/EPA ratio was greater than 1. Large yellow croaker, Larmichthys crocea , fed moderate or higher DHA/EPA ratio diets observed higher growth, nonspecific immune‐related gene expression, and disease resistance (Zuo et al ).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Dietary DHA/EPA Ratios on Fatty Acid Composition, Lipid Metabolism‐related Enzyme Activity, and Gene Expression of Juvenile Grass Carp, Ctenopharyngodon idellus

Lei

Zhang

et al. 2016

J World Aquaculture Soc

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To determine the effects of docosahexaenoic acid/eicosapentaenoic acid (DHA/EPA) ratios on grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idellus, a 38-d feeding trial was conducted using six isonitrogenous and isoenergetic semi-purified diets containing constant n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) (0.5% of dry matter), but varying ratios of DHA to EPA and a control diet (no n-3 LC-PUFA was included). The results revealed higher final weight and specific growth rate in the DHA/EPA 0.21 group. The n-3 LC-PUFA content increased in the CK (control) groups compared with that in the control diet. Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity increased in the treatment groups. Malate dehydrogenase showed lower activity in the DHA/EPA 1.08 group, as well as to the change in the level of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH). The gene expressions of LPL increased in the treatment groups and that of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gene showed higher expressions in DHA/EPA 1.08, 0.49, and 0.21 groups. However, no remarkable differences were found among the six groups in the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gene expression. Our findings indicated that dietary n-3 LC-PUFA affected fatty acid composition and lipid metabolism of grass carp. Further, fish achieved the best effect in decreasing the lipid accumulation when dietary DHA/EPA ratio was not greater than 1.

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Effects of dietary docosahexaenoic to eicosapentaenoic acid ratio (DHA/EPA) on growth, nonspecific immunity, expression of some immune related genes and disease resistance of large yellow croaker (Larmichthys crocea) following natural infestation of parasites (Cryptocaryon irritans)

Cited by 98 publications

References 75 publications

Dietary DHA/EPA ratio affected tissue fatty acid profiles, antioxidant capacity, hematological characteristics and expression of lipid-related genes but not growth in juvenile black seabream (Acanthopagrus schlegelii)

Dietary DHA/EPA ratio affected tissue fatty acid profiles, antioxidant capacity, hematological characteristics and expression of lipid-related genes but not growth in juvenile black seabream (Acanthopagrus schlegelii)

Macronutrient Requirements of Silvery-Black Porgy (Sparidentex hasta): A Comparison with Other Farmed Sparid Species

Effects of Dietary DHA/EPA Ratios on Fatty Acid Composition, Lipid Metabolism‐related Enzyme Activity, and Gene Expression of Juvenile Grass Carp, Ctenopharyngodon idellus

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