Effects of ecologically relevant concentrations of Boral® 500 SC, Glifosato® Biocarb, and a blend of both herbicides on markers of metabolism, stress, and nutritional condition factors in bullfrog tadpoles

Abstract

The aim of this study was to verify the effects of the isolated forms of Boral® SC 500, Glifosato® Biocarb herbicides, and a blend of both herbicides on metabolism and oxidative balance markers of Rana catesbeiana tadpoles and on their nutritional condition. Groups of tadpoles were divided into different treatments: control (no herbicides), Boral® 500 SC (sulfentrazone: 130 μg/L), Glifosato® Biocarb (glyphosate: 234 μg/L), and a blend of both herbicides. After 7 days, the liver, caudal muscle, and blood samples were taken to subsequently perform the biomarkers determination by spectrophotometry. The intestinal condition factor increased in animals exposed to glyphosate and herbicide blends, suggesting a hyperphagic effect. This hypothesis was confirmed by the rise of triglycerides and circulating very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL). There was a significant increase in the levels of uric acid in tadpoles exposed to the herbicide blend. Corticosterone levels reduced significantly in animals exposed to glyphosate and the herbicide blend. Oxidative stress markers had a tissue-dependent response. In the liver, glutathione Stransferase increased, and superoxide dismutase and catalase decreased in animals exposed to sulfentrazone and glyphosate. Lipoperoxidation was reduced in the glyphosate treatment. In the caudal muscle, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities were maintained, and there was a decline in the levels of glutathione S-transferase and TBARS only in the blend group.

The protective role of l-carnitine on oxidative stress, neurotransmitter perturbations, astrogliosis, and apoptosis induced by thiamethoxam in the brains of male rats

“…Hyperstimulation of the nervous system causes energy demands, which activate hormone-sensitive triglyceride lipase in tissue, resulting in hydrolysis of stored triglycerides from fat stores and mobilization of free fatty acids in the bloodstream, resulting in increased serum total lipid concentration (Pothu et al 2019 ). These results agreed with those of Wilkens et al ( 2019 ) who found an increase in TG and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) levels in the plasma of bullfrog tadpoles exposed to two herbicides (sulfentrazone and glyphosate).…”

The Toxic Effects of Glyphosate, Chlorpyrifos, Abamectin, and 2,4‐D on Animal Models: A Systematic Review of Brazilian Studies

“…Glyphosate has a high solubility in the aquatic environment and binds to soil particles and solid surfaces, which increases its availability and accumulation. Especially due to improper application practices, the widespread presence of glyphosate has been observed in the aquatic environment and surface water (Peruzzo et al 2008; Osten and Dzul‐Caamal 2017; Berman et al 2018; Wilkens et al 2019). In the reviewed files, we observed that the aquatic species most studied for the effect of glyphosate were R. quelen , Poecilia reticulata , and D. rerio .…”

Exposure during embryonic development to Roundup® Power 2.0 affects lateralization, level of activity and growth, but not defensive behaviour of marsh frog tadpoles

“…Similarly, no mortality has been observed in experiments using tadpoles exposed to ecologically relevant concentrations of several herbicides (Dornelles and Oliveira, 2014;Wilkens et al, 2019).…”