Electrical stimulation (ES) has been considered a promising
strategy
in regulating intracellular communication, membrane depolarization,
ion transport, etc. Meanwhile, cell topography, such as the alignment
and elongation in anisotropic orientation, also plays a critical role
in triggering mechanotransduction as well as the cellular fate. However,
coupling of ES and cell orientation to regulate the polarization of
macrophages is yet to be explored. In this work, we intended to explore
the polarization of macrophages on a poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene
[P(VDF-TrFE)] film with intrinsic microstripe roughness, which was
covered on indium tin oxide planar microelectrodes. We found that
mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) cultured on a P(VDF-TrFE)
film exhibited an elongated morphology aligned with the microstripe
crystal whisker, but their polarization behavior was not affected.
However, the elongated cells were susceptible to ES and upregulated
their M2 polarization, as verified by the related expression of phenotype
markers, cytokines, and genes, while not affecting M1 polarization.
This is due to the increased expression of the M2 polarization receptor
interleukin-4Rα on the surface of elongated BMDMs, while the
M1 polarization receptor toll-like receptor 4 was not affected. Thus,
M2 polarization was singularly enhanced after activation of polarization
by ES. The combination of surface morphology and ES to promote M2
single polarization in this work provides a new perspective for regulating
macrophage polarization in the field of immunotherapy.