Effects of exercise modalities on BDNF and IL-1β content in circulating total extracellular vesicles and particles obtained from aged rats

Exercise Training and Circulating Small Extracellular Vesicles: Appraisal of Methodological Approaches and Current Knowledge

“…Four other studies have reported increases in signals indicative of particle enrichment and small EV marker abundance from small EV samples from exercise-trained rats (Bei et al, 2017;Barcellos et al, 2020) and mice (Chaturvedi et al, 2015;Gao et al, 2021). However, of these studies Barcellos et al (2020) sampled 1 h after the last exercise bout, Gao et al (2021) sampled immediately after the last exercise bout (personal communication), and Bei et al (2017) sampled on average 6 to 12 h after the last exercise bout (personal communication), i.e., each study sampled in the immediate post-exercise period, when acute exercise-induced enrichment may still be present. We were unable to ascertain the time point of sampling from the work of Chaturvedi et al (2015) or Xiang et al (2020).…”

“…Nine studies have investigated the influence of exercise training on the small EV profile of rodents (Chaturvedi et al, 2015;Bei et al, 2017;Bertoldi et al, 2018;Ma et al, 2018;Hou et al, 2019;Barcellos et al, 2020;Castaño et al, 2020;Xiang et al, 2020;Gao et al, 2021). All of these studies were specifically interested in the miRNA cargo of small EVs, their differential expression and potential biological relevance, and employ an experimental design wherein animals subjected to aerobic exercise training are sampled after the cessation of training.…”

“…All of these studies were specifically interested in the miRNA cargo of small EVs, their differential expression and potential biological relevance, and employ an experimental design wherein animals subjected to aerobic exercise training are sampled after the cessation of training. Preparations of small EVs were then separated from plasma (Bei et al, 2017;Ma et al, 2018;Barcellos et al, 2020;Castaño et al, 2020;Xiang et al, 2020;Gao et al, 2021) or serum (Chaturvedi et al, 2015;Bertoldi et al, 2018;Hou et al, 2019), and compared to those of sedentary controls. Collectively, these studies have been inconsistent in Several other studies have been performed that purported to investigate the effect of exercise training on the profile of circulating small EVs (Chaturvedi et al, 2015;Bei et al, 2017;Bertoldi et al, 2018;Barcellos et al, 2020;Xiang et al, 2020;Gao et al, 2021), but as referred to in the main text have been excluded because of their sampling of blood <24 h after cessation of the last exercise bout (see sections "'Last Bout Effect': The Importance of Sample Timing" and "Results From Rodent Studies").…”

“…Preparations of small EVs were then separated from plasma (Bei et al, 2017;Ma et al, 2018;Barcellos et al, 2020;Castaño et al, 2020;Xiang et al, 2020;Gao et al, 2021) or serum (Chaturvedi et al, 2015;Bertoldi et al, 2018;Hou et al, 2019), and compared to those of sedentary controls. Collectively, these studies have been inconsistent in Several other studies have been performed that purported to investigate the effect of exercise training on the profile of circulating small EVs (Chaturvedi et al, 2015;Bei et al, 2017;Bertoldi et al, 2018;Barcellos et al, 2020;Xiang et al, 2020;Gao et al, 2021), but as referred to in the main text have been excluded because of their sampling of blood <24 h after cessation of the last exercise bout (see sections "'Last Bout Effect': The Importance of Sample Timing" and "Results From Rodent Studies"). Abbreviations: EPC, endothelial progenitor cells; FC, fold change; FDR, false discovery rate; NTA, nano-particle tracking analysis; and TEM, transmission electron microscopy.…”

“…Much of the current interest regarding the response of EVs to exercise has been focused on a subfraction of EVs in smaller size ranges (diameters of 50-150 nm), termed "small EVs" (Estébanez et al, 2020;Vechetti et al, 2020;Nederveen et al, 2021), with several studies having now investigated the effect of exercise training on the circulating profile (particle number, concentration/abundance, cargo, and/or cargo density) of small EVs (Chaturvedi et al, 2015;Bei et al, 2017;Bertoldi et al, 2018;Ma et al, 2018;Hou et al, 2019;Barcellos et al, 2020;Castaño et al, 2020;Nair et al, 2020;Xiang et al, 2020;Estébanez et al, 2021;Gao et al, 2021).…”