Effects of Fastac 50 EC on bumble bee Bombus terrestris L. respiration: DGE disappearance does not lead to increasing water loss

Variability in metabolic rate and gas exchange patterns of the Colorado potato beetle of winter and prolonged diapauses

“…In the case of continuous respiration, the insects deplete their energy reserves before the end of hibernation. Continuous respiration allows also water vapour molecules to leave the body and thus the risk for desiccation is higher (Jõgar et al, 2004;Muljar et al, 2012;Kivimägi et al, 2013;Kuusik et al, 2016). Both factors might aid the rapid death of our Colorado potato beetles that do not use DGE.…”

Sublethal effects of kaolin and the biopesticides Prestop-Mix and BotaniGard on metabolic rate, water loss and longevity in bumble bees (Bombus terrestris)

“…The air flow was set at 166 ml min -1 (10 l h -1 ), and NaOH and M(ClO 4 ) 2 were used to eliminate CO 2 and H 2 O from the air used in the flow-through system. Measurement of metabolic rate (expressed as rate of CO 2 release) and water loss rate lasted for 6 h per individual (3 h before and 3 h after treatment) and was conducted at 18°C at a relative humidity of 2 % (see also Muljar et al 2012;Schimpf et al 2013). Mean metabolic rate and water loss rate were calculated automatically by averaging data over 3-h period after excess CO 2 and H 2 O, which entered the system during handling, had left the system.…”

“…Small physiological changes (Kestler 1991) might not affect the longevity or behavioural aspects of bees under normal environmental conditions, but in extreme situations, these may lead to clear effects (Bryden et al 2013). Metabolic rate (Kestler 1985(Kestler , 1991Zafeiridou and Theophilidis 2006) as well as water loss rate (Muljar et al 2012) has been used as indicators for sublethal stressors like pesticides. Kaolin is suggested to affect the cuticular permeability (Cook et al 2008) to water which is one of the limiting factors for insects.…”

Synergistic interactions between a variety of insecticides and an ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitor fungicide in dietary exposures of bumble bees (Bombus terrestris L.)

“…In bees, dietary exposure to neonicotinoids can impair a wide range of behavioural and life history‐related characteristics including homing behaviour, colony performance and foraging activity . The pyrethroid cypermethrin affects insect sodium channels and has been demonstrated to affect longevity and respiratory patterns in bees. The phenylpyrazole fipronil blocks receptors that respond to the neurotransmitter gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)‐gated chloride channels in the insect central nervous system and can affect longevity in bees …”