Effects of fixed and removable space maintainers on halitosis

Abstract

BackgroundThe current study evaluated the effects of fixed and removable space-maintainers on halitosis and oral health of children.MethodsForty-three patients randomly selected between the ages 4–10 whom fixed or removable space maintainers were indicated in Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Pedodontics. The inclusing criteria were: caries-free (with/without restorations), with absence of periodontal diseases, without systematic disease, no mouth breathing and no use of antibiotics the 2-months period before the study. The patients were subdivided into two groups: the group treated with fixed space maintainers (group 1, n = 27), the group treated with removable space maintainers (group 2, n = 16). The the plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), periodontal screening index (PSI), tongue coating index (TCI) records and the halitosis measurements were obtained at three time periods (T1: immediately after application, T2: 1 week after application, T3: 5 weeks after application). The measurement values of T1 served as control.ResultsNo statistically significant difference was found in the PI, GI, PSI, TCI and halitosis measurements between T1–T2, T2–T3 and T1–T3 in both appliance groups and between the groups (p > 0.05).ConclusionsThe fixed and removable space maintainers did not affect oral health status and halitosis significantly.

Prevalence of Halitosis in Children and Associated Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“…The 25 studies analysed in the review included 24 cross-sectional clinical studies and one randomized controlled trial (the article by Keceli et al) [16]. Most of the studies were of moderate quality according to the Newcastle-Ottawa assessment (Supplementary Table S1) Different studies found that the prevalence of halitosis in the paediatric population ranged between 7,6-86,6%, although not all of the included studies indicated the prevalence of oral malodour in their study group [7,17,18,19].…”

“…The age of the studies included in this review ranged from 3 years [21][22][23][24] to a mean age of 16 years [25][26][27]. Regarding the gender of the subjects included in the studies, most had more boys than girls, except in 6 publications where females predominated [10,17,18,23,26,27]. However, 5 studies did not provide information on the sex of the patient [19,[28][29][30][31], and only 1 study had the same number of girls and boys [32].…”

“…Regarding the country of publication, 8 studies were carried out in Turkey [2,16,17,18,25,33,34,35], followed by Japan with 4 studies [12,21,26,27]; Italy with 3 studies [13,32,36] Brazil, India and Saudi Arabia with 2 studies; and Korea, Israel, China and Germany, with 1 study that analysed the prevalence and etiological factors associated with oral malodour in children.…”

“…When comparing halitosis detection methods between the different studies, 13 publications used a sulphur monitor to measure VSC levels [2,7,13,16,17,18,19,20,21,29,30,31,34], 8 publications used self-reported halitosis [5,11,17,19,23,24,26,31], and 19 studies used the organoleptic method to establish the degree of halitosis in the paediatric population.…”

Short‐term efficacy of vacuum‐formed maintainer for deciduous second molar space maintenance in the mixed dentition: A single‐centre, randomized controlled clinical trial

“…The similar longevity of lower lingual arch, band and loop and removable appliances were not related to age, gender or dental arch 12 . In addition, the band and loop and removable space maintainers made of an acrylic base seem to have a similar impact on oral health status 14 . Currently, there seems to be inadequate evidence to recommend one best space maintainer and most of them are well tolerated by patients 10,15 .…”