Effects of masked stimuli on motor activation: Behavioral and electrophysiological evidence.

Eimer, Martin; Schlaghecken, Friederike

doi:10.1037/0096-1523.24.6.1737

Cited by 375 publications

(695 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Henderson et al (2009) reported two pilot studies demonstrating that the word flu is highly associated with the common cold, unambiguous when spelled, and used synonymously with the "common cold' in everyday speech. The experimental prime consisted of the word 'FLU', presented subliminally, with a presentation time of 17ms (Eimer & Schlaghecken, 1998;Henderson et al, 2009). In the control condition, participants were presented with the stimulus 'XXX' so that the length of the subliminal stimulus was matched in the experimental and control groups.…”

Section: Materials and Equipment The Presentation Of The Subliminal mentioning

confidence: 99%

Automatic effects of illness schema activation on behavioral manifestations of illness.

Orbell¹,

Henderson²

2016

Health Psychology

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Objective: Relatively little research has directly evaluated the schematic nature of illness representations proposed by the common sense model of illness. Four studies tested the hypothesis that illness schema activation leads directly and automatically to behavioral manifestations of illness. Methods: Study 1 was a survey (N = 970) that evaluated the proposition that the mental representation of common cold symptom experience includes functional deviation from the usual prototypical self. Studies 2 and 3 were experiments that tested effects of cold schema activation using a subliminal priming paradigm on walking speed (Study 2, N = 53) and free recall in a memory task (Study 3, N = 30). Study 4 (N = 65) used a 2 (cold prime vs. control) X 2 (alternate self vs. control) experimental design to investigate attenuation of the effect of the cold prime on free recall. Results: Study 1 confirmed the multifactorial nature of functional self-deviations representing the common cold symptomology. Studies 2 and 3 showed that participants primed with the common cold schema walked more slowly and performed worse on a memory recall task relative to controls in whom the schema was not activated. These effects were automatic in the sense that participants were not aware of the prime or of this influence. In Study 4, priming an alternative self-identity overcame the deleterious effect of automatic common cold schema activation on free recall in a memory task. Conclusions: Subliminal activation of a schematic representation of illness automatically activates behavioral manifestations of illness.

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Section: Materials and Equipment The Presentation Of The Subliminal mentioning

confidence: 99%

Automatic effects of illness schema activation on behavioral manifestations of illness.

Orbell¹,

Henderson²

2016

Health Psychology

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“…There are many convincing demonstrations that a masked visual stimulus, which is presented too brie¯y to be consciously seen, can nevertheless be processed at various sub-semantic levels. Recent examples include visual word identi®cation (Ferrand, Grainger, & Segui, 1994;Forster, 1999), processing of facial emotions (Whalen et al, 1998), and stimulus±response associations (Eimer & Schlaghecken, 1998;Neumann & Klotz, 1994). Several demonstrations of unconscious access to the meaning of masked primes have also been put forward (Draine & Greenwald, 1998;Dell'Acqua & Grainger, 1999;Greenwald, 1996;Luck, Vogel, & Shapiro, 1996;Marcel, 1983).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, however, an alternative non-semantic interpretation of masked priming experiments has been gaining strength (Abrams & Greenwald, in press;Damian, in press;Eimer & Schlaghecken, 1998;Neumann & Klotz, 1994). Abrams and Greenwald asked subjects to evaluate the valence of consciously seen targets words as positive or negative.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unconscious semantic priming extends to novel unseen stimuli

2001

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Many subliminal priming experiments are thought to demonstrate unconscious access to semantics. However, most of them can be reinterpreted in a non-semantic framework that supposes only that subjects learn to map non-semantic visual features of the subliminal stimuli onto motor responses. In order to clarify this issue, we engaged subjects in a number comparison task in which the target number was preceded by another invisible masked number. We show that unconscious semantic priming occurs even for prime stimuli that are never presented as target stimuli, and for which no stimulus±response learning could conceivably occur. We also report analyses of the impact of the numerical relation between prime and target, and of the impact of learning on priming, all of which con®rm that unconscious utilization of semantic information is indeed possible. q

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“…As such, Dehaene et al claimed to have demonstrated that the processing of subliminally presented primes extends all the way down to include the motor system. Subsequently, several researchers have replicated the ERP findings in a range of masked priming paradigms (Eimer & Schlaghecken, 1998;Leuthold & Kopp, 1998;Praamstra & Seiss, 2005).Although the neurophysiological effects establish the extent of processing of masked primes, these findings do not necessarily reveal the reason for longer response latencies in the incongruent condition. For example, it could be argued that responses are selected at a premotor (amodal) level of representation (Botvinick, Matthew Finkbeiner, Macquarie Centre for Cognitive Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Alfonso Caramazza, Department of Psychology, Harvard University, and Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Trento, Italy.…”

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confidence: 99%

Modulating the masked congruence priming effect with the hands and the mouth.

Finkbeiner

Caramazza

2008

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Perfor

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The authors report a series of experiments in which they use the masked congruence priming paradigm to investigate the processing of masked primes in the manual and verbal response modalities. In the manual response modality, they found that masked incongruent primes produced interference relative to both congruent and neutral primes. This finding, which replicates the standard finding in the masked congruence priming literature, is presumed to reflect the conflict that arises between two incompatible responses and, thus, to index the extent of processing of the masked prime. Somewhat surprisingly, when participants were asked to respond verbally in the same task, masked incongruent primes no longer produced interference, but masked congruent primes produced facilitation. These findings are surprising because they suggest that the processing of nonconsciously perceived primes extends to the response level in the manual, but not verbal, response modality. The authors propose that the modulation of the masked congruence priming effect by response modality is due to verbal, but not manual, responses being mediated by the lexical-phonological production system. Keywords: masked priming, stimulus-response compatibility, response priming, visual awareness, response modality, lexical access in speech production How extensively are subliminally presented stimuli processed? In a seminal paper in this area of research, Dehaene et al. (1998, p. 599) claimed that their results resolved the issue over the extent of processing of subliminally presented (masked) primes. In their experimental paradigm, participants categorized a visible target stimulus (e.g., EIGHT) as being either larger or smaller than five. Unbeknownst to the participants, the visible targets were preceded by a masked prime stimulus (e.g., three) that fell either on the same side of five as the target (i.e., congruent prime) or on the opposite side of five (i.e., incongruent prime). Participants responded by pressing a "smaller than five" button with one hand and a "larger than five" button with the other hand. Despite participants being unable to detect the presence of the prime stimuli, the primes produced clear behavioral and neurophysiological effects. Behaviorally, Dehaene et al. found that response times in the incongruent condition were significantly slower than in the congruent condition. This behavioral effect, referred to as the masked congruence effect (MCE), has been observed in a wide variety of paradigms with nonorthographic stimuli, including meta-contrast masking of arrows (Vorberg, Mattler, Heinecke, Schmidt, & Schwarzbach, 2003) and spatial locations (Leuthold & Kopp, 1998;Neumann & Klotz, 1994) and pattern masking of arrows (Eimer & Schlaghecken, 1998). Subsequently, the MCE has also been replicated several times with orthographic stimuli (Kunde, Kiesel, & Hoffmann, 2003;Naccache & Dehaene, 2001;Van Opstal, Reynvoet, & Verguts, 2005). It was the neurophysiological findings, though, that led Dehaene et al. to claim to have "resolved the d...

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Effects of masked stimuli on motor activation: Behavioral and electrophysiological evidence.

Cited by 375 publications

References 15 publications

Automatic effects of illness schema activation on behavioral manifestations of illness.

Automatic effects of illness schema activation on behavioral manifestations of illness.

Unconscious semantic priming extends to novel unseen stimuli

Modulating the masked congruence priming effect with the hands and the mouth.

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