Effects of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury on Stereopsis Detected by a Virtual Reality System: Attempt to Develop a Screening Test

Abstract

Purpose The study aimed to evaluate stereopsis as a surrogate marker for post-concussion oculomotor function to develop an objective test that can reliably and quickly detect mild traumatic brain injuries (TBI). Methods The cohort of this prospective clinical study included 30 healthy subjects (mean age 25 ± 2 years) and 30 TBI patients (43 ± 22 years) comprising 11 patients with moderate TBI and 19 patients with mild TBI. The healthy subjects were examined once, whereas the TBI patients were examined immediately after hospitalization, at 1 week, and at 2 months. A virtual reality (VR) program displayed three-dimensional rendering of four rotating soccer balls over VR glasses in different gaze directions. The subjects were instructed to select the ball that appeared to be raised from the screen as quickly as possible via remote control. The response times and fusion abilities in different gaze directions were recorded. Results The correlation between stereopsis and TBI severity was significant. The response times of the moderate and mild TBI groups were significantly longer than those of the healthy reference group. The response times of the moderate TBI group were significantly longer than those of the mild TBI group. The response times at follow-up examinations were significantly shorter than those immediately after hospitalization. Fusion ability was primarily defective in the gaze direction to the right (90°) and left (270° and 315°). Conclusions TBI patients showed impaired stereopsis. Measuring stereopsis in different positions of the visual field using VR can be effective for rapid concussion assessment.

Design guidelines for limiting and eliminating virtual reality-induced symptoms and effects at work: a comprehensive, factor-oriented review

“…Poor stereo acuity drives higher visual fatigue (Ramadan and Alhaag, 2018) Test users' stereoscopic ability before VR exposure with clinical tests that can also be implemented directly in VR (Piano et al, 2016;O'Connor and Tidbury, 2018;Jeon and Choi, 2019;Kara et al, 2020;Cárdenas-Delgado et al, 2021): normal stereoscopic acuity is 20 arc seconds (Steinman et al, 2014), 50 arc seconds to 400 arc seconds can be considered as poor stereoscopic acuity (Deepa et al, 2019) If users are stereoblind or have very low ability, don't display stereoscopic images VF_3 III…”

Virtual reality for assessing stereopsis performance and eye characteristics in Post-COVID

“…We also address results on ocular manifestations this work is based on. Furthermore, we highlight the previous work of our team that was also used in the presented approach 38 – 43 .…”

“…As mentioned, we aimed for purely stereoscopic visual stimuli with different difficulty levels. The difficulty level in a stereoscopic visual stimulus can be expressed as disparity difference 38 , 39 which is shown in Fig. 1 .…”

“…In previous work, we showed methods for creating cognitively demanding purely stereoscopic visual tasks in which different difficulty levels influence participants’ reaction time 38 – 43 . Consequently, we hypothesize that these methods could also be used to quantify the cognitive impairment of Post-COVID patients.…”