“…The pumped hydroelectric storage (PHS) (Winde et al, 2017;Jurasz et al, 2018;Sultan et al, 2018;Liu et al, 2020c;Emmanouil et al, 2021) and compressed air energy storage (CAES) (Zhao et al, 2015;Soltani et al, 2020;Liu et al, 2021;Yang et al, 2022) have been regarded as promising large-scale electric energy storage technologies. The PHS is limited by the hydrogeological conditions and large cover depths during its construction, whereas CAES has attracted much attention because of its lower capital and maintenance cost (Rutqvist et al, 2012;Venkataramania et al, 2016;Wei et al, 2016;Chen et al, 2017;Ye et al, 2018;Liu et al, 2020d).…”