Effects of Nitrogen, Growth Regulators, and Mowing Height on Ball Lie in TifSport Bermudagrass

Kowalewski, Alec; Schwartz, Brian M.; Richardson, Mike; Karcher, Douglas E.; McCalla, John H.; Patton, Aaron J.; Hanna, W. W.

doi:10.1094/ats-2012-0625-01-rs

Cited by 4 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Similarly to turf quality results, Kowalewski et al (2012) observed decreased TifSport quality as a result of TE applications. Johnson (1992) observed moderate Tifway discoloration and necrosis when TE was applied at 0.178 lbs a.i./acre and then severe injury when subsequent applications were made at 0.089 lbs a.i.…”

Section: Other Researchsupporting

confidence: 68%

“…Significant reductions in TifEagle and Tifway bermudagrass clipping yields following TE applications have been observed (Fagerness and Yelverton, 2000; McCullough et al, 2006). Research conducted in Arkansas determined that ball lie in ‘TifSport’ bermudagrass maintained at a rough height (1.0 inch) is often improved by TE applications, which is another reason to consider TE applications (Kowalewski et al, 2012).…”

Section: Other Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Analysis of variance for monthly mowing events, turf quality, and turf color of bermudagrass as affected by month, cultivar, and trinexapac-ethyl (TE) application † in Tifton,GA, 2011 and2012. …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Turf color † as affected by month, bermudagrass cultivar, and trinexapac-ethyl (TE) application ‡ observed in Tifton,GA, 2011 and2012. …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mowing Requirement and Cost to Maintain Bermudagrass is Influenced by Cultivar Selection and Trinexapac-Ethyl Use

Kowalewski

Schwartz

Grimshaw

et al. 2014

Applied Turfgrass Science

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The average 18‐hole golf course is predominantly comprised of rough areas, which are often maintained at a mowing height comparable to commercial, residential, and sports turfgrass areas. If the mowing frequency of these turfgrass areas were reduced without compromising aesthetic value by using cultivars with inherently slow vertical growth combined with plant growth regulators, the labor hours, fuel, and budget allocated to turf maintenance could be vastly decreased. The objective of this research was to determine if bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.) cultivar selection and trinexapac‐ethyl (TE) use can significantly reduce the mowing events required to maintain bermudagrass at a 1.0‐inch height with mowing frequency based on the one‐third rule without compromising turfgrass aesthetics. Field research was initiated at Woodruff Farms, Abraham Baldwin Agricultural College, Tifton, GA on 11 Apr. 2011. Factors included year (2011 and 2012), month (July and August), bermudagrass cultivar [improved common types (C. dactylon) as well as hybrid crosses (C. dactylon × C. transvaalensis) and monthly applications of TE applied at a rate of 0.125 lbs of a.i. per acre compared to an untreated control. In 2011 ‘Discovery’ bermudagrass treated with TE required the lowest number of August mowing events to maintain the turf at a 1.0 inch height, followed by Discovery without TE and ‘Tifway’ treated with TE. In 2012 Discovery and ‘TifGrand’ treated with TE required the lowest number of mowing events. In 2011 and 2012 ‘Celebration’, ‘Patriot’, Tifway, and TifGrand without TE, as well as ‘DT‐1’ with or without TE required the greatest number of mowing events. In 2011 turf quality of Celebration, TifGrand and DT‐1 was reduced by TE applications, while in 2012 the quality of these cultivars as well as Tifway was reduced by TE applications. The visual quality of Discovery bermudagrass was not affected by TE application; however, this cultivar produced some of the lowest quality ratings with and without TE. If turf managers began utilizing slow growing bermudagrass cultivars coupled with TE use to decrease mowing frequency requirements, substantial reductions in labor hours and fuel consumption would be observed; however, reduced mowing frequency was associated with lower turf quality, and TE applications increased the maintenance budget of all the cultivars in this study.

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Section: Other Researchsupporting

confidence: 68%

Section: Other Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Turf color † as affected by month, bermudagrass cultivar, and trinexapac-ethyl (TE) application ‡ observed in Tifton,GA, 2011 and2012. …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mowing Requirement and Cost to Maintain Bermudagrass is Influenced by Cultivar Selection and Trinexapac-Ethyl Use

Kowalewski

Schwartz

Grimshaw

et al. 2014

Applied Turfgrass Science

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“…and zoysiagrass ( Zoysia spp.) (Trappe et al, 2011), among varieties of bermudagrass (Richardson et al, 2010), and resulting from applications of plant growth regulators and nitrogen fertility on bermudagrass (Kowalewski et al, 2012). Trappe et al (2011) investigated the differences of bermudagrass and zoysiagrass cultivars on ball lie, the change in ball lie over time by not mowing, and the effects of dormancy on ball lie.…”

Section: Useful Conversionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Golf Shot Performance Characteristics Influenced by Ball Lie

Strunk

Karcher

Young

et al. 2015

Crop Forage & Turfgrass Mgmt

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Research has evaluated golf ball lie as means to compare various management techniques, determine the influence of nitrogen fertility, and separate turfgrass species and cultivars. However, little work has been performed to determine the impact of golf ball lie on playability, and therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of golf ball lie on golf shot characteristics such as carry distance, backspin, ball speed, smash factor, club speed, and accuracy. Two golfers differing in handicaps struck balls using a seven‐iron from various ball lies created by ranging mowing heights from 0.5 to 4.0 inches in Agrostis stolonifera L., Poa pratensis L., and Festuca arundinacea Schreb. Ball lie was measured as the percentage of golf ball exposed within and above a turf canopy using digital image analysis, and golf shot characteristics were measured using a launch monitor. Mowing heights of the turf and ball lies were significantly correlated (P < 0.001, r2 = 0.863). Ball lie significantly affected carry distance (P < 0.001, r2 = 0.357) and ball speed (P < 0.001, r2 = 0.517), both exhibiting logarithmic relationships. Smash factor was linearly related to ball lie (P < 0.001, r2 = 0.518). Comparison of the regression coefficients for models specific to each golfer indicated that carry distance, backspin, ball speed, and smash factor were affected equally for both golfers. However, accuracy of golf shots was only significantly related to ball lie for the better golfer (P = 0.004, r2 = 0.158). Results from this study confirm conventional wisdom concerning the effects of golf ball lie on golf shot characteristics.

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Turf Performance of Shaded ‘TifGrand’ and ‘TifSport’ Hybrid Bermudagrass as Affected by Mowing Height and Trinexapac-ethyl

Schwartz

Zhang

Fox

et al. 2020

hortte

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Heavily shaded environments often limit the performance and persistence of hybrid bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon × C. transvaalensis), therefore a field-based shade study was performed to determine whether different mowing heights (0.5 and 1.5 inch) or two trinexapac-ethyl (TE) growth regulator management treatments (control and 2 oz/acre) allow either ‘TifSport’ or ‘TifGrand’ hybrid bermudagrass to persist under 77% shade. Turfgrass quality (TQ), green cover, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and dark-green color index (DGCI) were evaluated on the two cultivars under a shade structure in Tifton, GA, during 2010 and 2011. Neither of the cultivars maintained acceptable TQ throughout the entire year under 77% shade, although ‘TifGrand’ displayed adequate TQ at the higher mowing height (1.5 inch) and demonstrated more shade tolerance than ‘TifSport’, as indicated by TQ, green cover, and NDVI. The TE application did not enhance the turf performance of ‘TifSport’ under 77% shade when mowed at 0.5 inch, but it improved turf performance of ‘TifGrand’ at the same height. The effect of TE application was cultivar and mowing height dependent under this heavily shaded environment, which warrants future study to determine the best management practices of these cultivars as well as continued efforts to develop new, shade-tolerant bermudagrass hybrids.

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Effects of Nitrogen, Growth Regulators, and Mowing Height on Ball Lie in TifSport Bermudagrass

Cited by 4 publications

References 7 publications

Mowing Requirement and Cost to Maintain Bermudagrass is Influenced by Cultivar Selection and Trinexapac-Ethyl Use

Mowing Requirement and Cost to Maintain Bermudagrass is Influenced by Cultivar Selection and Trinexapac-Ethyl Use

Golf Shot Performance Characteristics Influenced by Ball Lie

Turf Performance of Shaded ‘TifGrand’ and ‘TifSport’ Hybrid Bermudagrass as Affected by Mowing Height and Trinexapac-ethyl

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