Effects of Pharmacist-Led Clinical Pathway/Order Sets on Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Background: Pharmacist-led clinical pathways/order sets (PLCOs) were first applied for designated diseases and surgical operations, such as cancer. They were not used in pharmacotherapy until recently. After screening a large number of publications, we found that PLCOs were rarely accessible.Objective: To evaluate the effects and the changes of relevant medical outcomes of PLCOs.Methods: Articles from PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang database, and China Biology Medicine disc (CBM) were systematically retrieved. Clinical research comparing cancer patients’ clinical effects with or without clinical pathway/order sets was performed. Two reviewers performed quality assessment, and the data were abstracted independently. A narrative synthesis of the extracted data was performed due to heterogeneity.Results: Nine studies were identified, including six uncontrolled before–after studies and three case-series studies. The scopes of PLCOs of included research can be divided into two types, one focusing on chemotherapy agents and the other on the managements of chemotherapy-induced complications. The PLCOs shortened hospital length of stay, decreased initial antibiotic time intervals in patients with febrile neutropenia, reduced medication error incidence, and increased physicians’ adherence rate to clinical pathway/order sets. Moreover, three articles included economic effects showing positive savings on medication costs through PLCOs.Conclusion: PLCOs can have beneficial effects on medication effectiveness, safety, and economic outcomes. Nevertheless, clinical pathway/order sets need to be further optimized and expanded to other clinical areas.

Current scenario and challenges of clinical pharmacists to implement pharmaceutical care in DRG/DIP payment hospitals in China: a qualitative interview study

“…The rationality of pharmacotherapy within these pathways is critical as it directly impacts treatment efficacy and patient safety, contributing to cost control ( 21 ). Pharmacists in the implementation process should provide optimal drug treatment plans based on clinical guidelines and latest research, overseeing drug interactions and side effects to ensure patient safety, and participating in drug selection with cost–benefit considerations ( 22 , 23 ). However, our study found that pharmacists interviewed were only partially involved in clinical pathways, like reviewing drug treatment plans, and faced challenges due to insufficient pharmaceutical knowledge.…”