“…16,17 Although there are numerous studies in the literature investigating the relationship between various massage techniques and chronic constipation, the number of studies investigating the relationship between CTM and intestinal functions has been limited. 11,18 Holey and Lawler 11 investigated the effects of CTM and abdominal massage in a female patient with chronic constipation and found that both massage techniques improved the patient's defecation frequency and stool consistency, but CTM was found to be more effective. Karakaya et al 18 reported that CTM application on women who underwent cesarean delivery positively affected the bowel movement; moreover, gas passing and defecation, both of which indicate bowel movement, were experienced earlier in the CTM group compared with the control group.…”