Effects of Pine Bark Extract on Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Adults: A Randomized Double-blind Crossover Study

Abstract

Our previous study also showed that ADHD children who received 1 mg/ kg BW/day of PE showed the improvement effects on inattention and impulsivity, and reduction of plasma lipid peroxidation levels during a 4-week experimental period [9]. Therefore, we hypothesized that PE also could improve symptoms of inattention and impulsivity in adults with ADHD, which are well-correlated with elevated antioxidative status. This study was carried out to verify this hypothesis. Methods Participant recruitmentThe study was approved by the Taipei Medical University (TMU)-Joint Institutional Review Board (protocol ID: N201706026, ClinicalTrails.gov ID: NCT03368690). All procedures were conducted according to principles expressed in the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.