Effects of temperature, salinity and irradiance on the growth of the harmful red tide dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides Margalef (Dinophyceae)

Monthly Variability of Chlorophyll-α Concentration in Persian Gulf using Remote Sensing Techniques

“…Ranges of salinity in the Persian Gulf fluctuated between 38.26±0.24 (in May 2009) and 39.26±0.24 (October 2008), which this ranges suitable for growth of cause of this bloom (C. polykrikoides) in Persian Gulf. These results were corroborated by data from Kim et al (2004), who examined the salinity tolerance for a Japanese strain of C. polykrikoides in culture. Optimal conditions were again identified a salinity of 34, which resulted in maximal growth.…”

“…Many investigators have noted the global expansion of HABs during the past several decades with regard to their impacts (Glibert et al 2005 (Kim et al 2004;Kudela & Gobler 2012;Nagai et al 2009). However, some blooms, particularly in North America, have been associated with the intrusion of cool water masses and more brackish salinities (Gobler et al 2008;Morse et al 2011;Mulholland et al 2009;Tomas & Smayda 2008).…”

Eutrophication and occurrences of harmful algal blooms in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan

“…The growth response of C. polykrikoides was examined in different combinations of temperature and salinity (Kim et al 2004, Yamatogi et al 2005. This species prefers high temperature and salinity for optimum growth; however, this alga exhibited some growth even at a temperature of 10°C (Yamatogi et al 2005(Yamatogi et al , 2006.…”

Dinoflagellates: Ecological Approaches and Spatial Distributions in Malaysia Waters

“…A three months blooming of Karenia mikimotoi at the southwest coast of India had caused fish mortalities and the salinity of water recorded during the outbreak was more than 33 ppt [26]. A laboratory culture of Cochlodinium polykrikoides from Japan isolates grew best at salinity range between 30 to 35 ppt which corresponds to the in situ condition [27]. Meanwhile, dinoflagellates thrive at the estuary explains the ability of some species to grow in wide range of salinity.…”