Effects of Temperature upon the Formation of Vertebrae and Fin Rays in Young Chinook Salmon

Evidence of genetic and environmental influences on meristic variation in the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson

“…Subsequently, the ecophenotypic plasticity of meristic characters in many other species has been documented experimentally (Lindsey 1954, 1958, 1962a, 1962b, Orska 1957, Seymour 1959. Since good taxonomic characters are not, ideally, readily modifiable by the environment (Blackwelder 1967), considerable doubt has thus been cast on the reliability of meristic features in fishes.…”

“…Ecophenotypic variation of meristic expression has been clearly demonstrated in many species of f%hes (Hubbs 1922;Vladykov 1934;T&ring 1952;Lindsey 1954Lindsey , 1958Lindsey ,1962aSeymour 1959;Barlow 196 1) and is no less apparent in the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdkeri Richardson (Mottley 1934(Mottley , 1937Orska 1957Orska , 1962Garside 1966;MacCrimmon & Received 164.1976Accepted 13.10.1976 Kwain 1969, Kwain 1975. Because of this phenomenon 'a shadow of uncertainty is always inherent in the use of meristic characters .…”

Variation in meristic characters of a tilapian fish, Tilapia zilli (Gervais, 1848) from the inland water bodies in Libya

“…Meristic characters and the variation that may show have been used as a basic tool in separating populations of different fish species (Seymour 1959;MacCrimmon and Clayton 1985;Al-Hassan 1984, 1987a, b, 1990. Meristic differences between populations of fishes may be influenced by genetic or environmental factors, or both (Bailey and Gosline 1955).…”

Vertebral abnormalities in juvenile inland silversides Menidia beryllina exposed to terbufos during embryogenesis

“…Skeletal abnormalities are known to occur in fish embryos in response to environmental variables including water temperature (Garside 1959, Seymour 1959) salinity (Lee & Williams 1970) and hypoxia (Alderdice et al 1958). Complex effluents from a pulp mill and ore smelter caused vertebral abnormalities in the fourhorn sculpin Myoxocephalus guadricornis (Mayer et al 1988).…”