Effects of training based on the health belief model on Iranian women's performance about cervical screening: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract

CONTEXT: Pap smear test is one of the most important actions in preventing cervical cancer. This study aimed to perform a meta-analysis on all related literature about the effects of health belief model (HBM)-based training on Pap smear screening test performance of Iranian women. METHODS: The search was performed in Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science. Eligibility criteria were limited to English and Persian language articles with experimental or semi-experimental methods until October 2019 that evaluated the effect of HBM-based training on Iranian women's performance of Pap smear test. We excluded studies that used both cervical and breast cancer screening together. RESULTS: Twelve studies were performed on totally 1605 participants. This meta-analysis showed that all of Health Belief Model (HBM) constructs improved significantly among HBM-based trained women, perceived susceptibility (standard mean division [SMD] =0.785; P = 0.002; confidence interval [CI] = 0.005 to 1.56; Heterogeneity; P = 0.013; I 2 = 97%)., perceived severity (SMD = 1.14; P = 0.001; CI = 0.66–1.62; heterogeneity; P < 0.001; I 2 = 92%), perceived benefits (SMD = 1.25; P = 0.001; CI = 0.545–0.135 heterogeneity; P = 0.003; I 2 = 97%), perceived barrier (SMD = 0.20; P = 0.001; CI = 0.44–1.24; heterogeneity; P < 0.001; I 2 = 92%) and perceived self-efficacy (SMD = 0.638; P < 0.001; CI =1.76–0.426; heterogeneity; P < 0.001; I 2 = 97%). CONCLUSION: Cervical screening education program based on the HBM can be effective on Iranian women's performance in their perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived barrier, and perceived self-efficacy about Pap smear test.

Impact of virtual education based on health belief model on cervical cancer screening behavior in middle‐aged women: A quasi‐experimental study

“…28 Furthermore, the results of a review study based on the HBM are consistent with the findings of the current study. 10 In addition to utilizing lecture techniques, this study promoted Point, are consistent with the findings of the current study. 13 In another study, which was conducted in Iran, three face-to-face training sessions based on the constructs of the Health Belief Model were implemented for 80 rural women, and similar results were reported.…”

“…3 Also, other studies based on HBM showed that educational interventions can be effective in this regard. 10,11 The most important action that led to the change in self-efficacy in the present study, was providing objective patterns through role model individuals who had succeeded in overcoming their fears and doing pap smears, as well as engaging the audience in discussion and using their previous experiences. In addition, some skills to overcome the fears were presented to the participants.…”

“…Also, a similar study based on the Health Belief Model conducted through Telegram 27 and the other previous studies confirm the current findings. 10,11,13,26 In fact, the present study dem- from other virtual methods such as Telegram that have been used in previous studies. On the other hand, this virtual education overcomes time and location constraints compared to in-person training.…”

“…14 Evidence shows that the implementation of the Pap smear screening program can reduce the incidence of cervical cancer by 79% and the mortality from this disease by 70%. 10 According to the guidelines of the Ministry of Health of Iran, all women are required to undergo a Pap smear test after marriage, and after having three reliable negative tests over three consecutive years, this screening should be repeated once every 3 years. 15 However, studies show that only 3%-14.8% of eligible individuals in Iran have regularly undergone Pap smear testing.…”

Effect of Health Belief Model Education on Increasing Cognition and Self-Care Behaviour among Elderly Women with Malignant Gynaecological Tumours in Fujian, China

“…Many studies [ 10 , 11 ] have confirmed that HBM education interventions can improve patients' cognition of disease and improve patients' confidence and compliance with treatment. Previous evidence [ 12 , 13 ] suggests that HBM-based education can improve women's perceived susceptibility to cervical cancer and perceived self-efficacy to participate in cervical cancer screening and increase screening coverage. HBM educational interventions [ 14 ] can help cancer patients fight the disease and survive longer.…”