Efficacy of Certain Essential Oils, Copper Oxide, Copper Oxide Nanoparticle, Imazalil and Bacillus subtilis to Control Fruit Rot of Avocado

Abstract

Disease incidence and disease severity of avocado fruit rot were assessed on cv. Hass and cv. Fuerte during 2019 and 2020 growing seasons. The highest percentages of disease incidence and disease severity were recorded in cv. fuerte in the market at El-Qanater El-Khayria, Qaliobia Governorate. On the other hand, the lowest percentages of disease incidence and disease severity were recorded in cv. Hass in the field at El-Rahawy, Giza Governorate during the two growing seasons. Four different fungi, i.e., Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Fusarium moniliforme and Penicillium expansum were isolated from the naturally infected avocado fruits in the surveyed regions. Pathogenicity tests showed that the maximum percentage of disease severity on cv. Hass and cv. Fuerte resulted from infection by L. theobromae, followed by C. gloeosporioides, while the lowest percentage of disease severity was incited by P. expansum. The efficacy of alternative products namely essential oils of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus L.), Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) and Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) and Serenade ASO (Bacillus subtilis QST713) was evaluated in in vitro and in vivo as well as under field conditions for controlling fruit rot of avocado comparing with Imazalil, Copper oxide and Copper oxide nanoparticles. Complete inhibition of colony growth and protection from fruit rot was recorded with essential oils and Copper oxide at concentration of 3 ml or g/L of each. Meanwhile, the same effect was recorded at concentration of 1 ml/ L in case of Imazalil, Copper oxide nanoparticles and Serenade ASO. However, under field conditions, Copper oxide nanoparticles and Imazalil gave the highest efficacy for controlling avocado fruit rot disease, followed by Serenade ASO, Copper oxide and Thyme, while the lowest efficacy was recorded when trees sprayed with Lemongrass and Rosemary, respectively. The results indicated that avocado fruit rot disease could be controlled using suitable concentration of the tested treatments.

Efficacy of Some Chemicals on Controlling Pear Fruit Rot and Fruit Quality under Storage Condition

“…Spraying tomato plants with SA increased peroxidase (PO) in the leaves, as well as Polyphenoloxidase and increased the postharvest life of fruits (Martinez et al, 2004). Hassan et al, (2021) evaluated some essential oils i.e., thyme, rosemary and lemongrass as well as copper oxide NPS, copper oxide and the fungicide Imazalil and Serenade ASO (Bacillus subtilis QST713) to controlling avocado fruit rot in vitro and in vivo. The highest effect recorded with copper oxide (NPS) and Imazalil fungicide followed by Serenade ASO, while thyme, lemongrass and rosemary recorded the lowest efficacy, respectively.…”

“…Disease incidence of pear decay was calculated according to Hassan et al (2021). Fruit firmness (Ib/inch 2-1 ):…”

“…Postharvest treatment with yeasts can control pear fruit rot and decay during storage and the quality was improved (Sugar, 1992). Hassan et al, (2021) found that avocado fruits treated with nano copper oxide and Imazalil 50% EC (Imazalil fungicide) and packed in carton boxes recorded a good control fore fruit rot. However, using fungicides for a long time may cause pathogen resistance (Tian, 2006).…”

Efficacy of Different Commercial Products on Controlling Date Palm Root Rot Under Greenhouse Conditions.

“…Fungal isolates were grown onto PDA plates and maintained at 4°C for further studies. Frequency of the fungal isolates was calculated according to Hassan et al, (2021).…”

“…Six plates were used for each treatment as 3 replicates. Reduction (RE) in mycelial growth was calculated compared the control according to Hassan et al, (2021).…”