Efficacy of gentian violet in the eradication of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from skin lesions

Saji, Mamoru; Taguchi, S.; Uchiyama, Kazuhiko; Osono, Eiichi; Hayama, Naoaki; Ohkuni, Hisashi

doi:10.1016/0195-6701(95)90070-5

Cited by 94 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…throughout the world for many years, primarily to treat skin lesions coat the oral cavities of neonates, and as an oral rinsing agent for patients with oropharyngeal candidiasis (34)(35)(36). Chlorhexidine is a cationic polybiguanide with antimicrobial activity and has also been used for a wide range of medical applications.…”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Vivo Biocompatibility and In Vitro Efficacy of Antimicrobial Gendine-Coated Central Catheters

Mohamed

Hachem

Rosenblatt

et al. 2015

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Vivo Biocompatibility and In Vitro Efficacy of Antimicrobial Gendine-Coated Central Catheters

Mohamed

Hachem

Rosenblatt

et al. 2015

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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“…The concentrations of malachite green and crystal violet tolerated by the mycobacteria are higher than those inhibitory to most other microorganisms (1,6,10,18,25). Thus, malachite green and crystal violet can serve as selective agents for the isolation of mycobacteria from samples (e.g., sputum or soil) that contain other, faster-growing microorganisms.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Malachite green has been used widely to prevent fungal infections in fish, typically at a concentration of 1 ppm (1, 2, 10, 18). Crystal violet is used to prevent fungal growth in poultry feed (6, 14), as a bacteriostatic agent in medical solutions (4, 24), and to treat skin infections by Staphylococcus aureus in humans and animals (23,25). In addition the dyes are used as fabric and food dyes (2).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Decolorization of Malachite Green and Crystal Violet by Waterborne Pathogenic Mycobacteria

Jones¹,

Falkinham

2003

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium intracellulare, Mycobacterium scrofulaceum, Mycobacterium marinum, and Mycobacterium chelonae tolerate high concentrations of the dyes malachite green and crystal violet. Cells of strains of those species decolorized (reduced) both malachite green and crystal violet. Because decolorized malachite green lacked antimicrobial activity, the resistance of these mycobacteria could be due, in part, to their ability to decolorize the dyes. Small amounts of malachite green and its reduced, decolorized product were detected in the lipid fraction of M. avium strain A5 cells grown in the presence of malachite green, suggesting that a minor component of resistance could be due to sequestering the dyes in the extensive mycobacterial cell surface lipid. The membrane fraction of M. avium strain A5 had at least a fivefold-higher specific decolorization rate than did the crude extract, suggesting that the decolorization activity is membrane associated. The malachite green-decolorizing activity of the membrane fraction of M. avium strain A5 was abolished by either boiling or proteinase exposure, suggesting that the decolorizing activity was due to a protein. Decolorization activity of membrane fractions was stimulated by ferrous ion and inhibited by dinitrophenol and metyrapone.Malachite green and crystal violet are triphenylmethane dyes that are antimicrobial (1, 2, 6, 10, 14), toxic to mammalian cells (29), and mutagenic (3,7,12,27). Malachite green has been used widely to prevent fungal infections in fish, typically at a concentration of 1 ppm (1, 2, 10, 18). Crystal violet is used to prevent fungal growth in poultry feed (6, 14), as a bacteriostatic agent in medical solutions (4, 24), and to treat skin infections by Staphylococcus aureus in humans and animals (23,25). In addition the dyes are used as fabric and food dyes (2). Both malachite green and crystal violet can be reductively decolorized (2, 9, 15). Decolorized malachite green (i.e., leucomalachite green) was detected in liver and kidney tissue in rats after injection of malachite green (29). Intestinal microflora from a variety of animals have been shown capable of reducing malachite green (16) and gentian violet (21). Leucomalachite green is less toxic to both mammalian and bacterial cells than malachite green (12, 29), perhaps due to its insolubility in water (2, 9).In contrast to most bacteria and fungi, mycobacteria are considered to be resistant to malachite green (2) and crystal violet (24). Many media for the cultivation of mycobacteria (e.g., Lowenstein-Jensen and Middlebrook 7H10) contain malachite green to reduce overgrowth by other, faster-growing microorganisms. Nosocomial infections due to Mycobacterium chelonae have been traced to the presence of that organism in a gentian violet skin-marking solution (24). A number of mycobacteria were described as being capable of "bleaching" malachite green (17), and a malachite green-reducing activity in acetone fractions of a number of rapidly growing mycobacteria has been describe...

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“…Gentian violet is a triphenylmethane dye with a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity used for Gram staining and the treatment of mucosal ulcers and skin infections (20)(21)(22). Chlorhexidine is a guanidium compound that has also been widely used as a safe cutaneous antiseptic agent and a mouthwash to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia (23,24).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Gendine-Coated Cannula for Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion for Extended Use

Mohamed

Garoge

Rosenblatt

et al. 2015

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) using pumps is a widely used method for insulin therapy in patients with diabetes mellitus. Among the major factors that usually lead to the discontinuation of CSII are CSII set-related issues, including infection at the infusion site. The American Diabetic Association currently recommends rotating sites every 2 to 3 days. This recommendation adds cost and creates inconvenience. Therefore, in order to prevent infections and extend the duration between insertion site changes, we developed a Teflon cannula coated with a combination of gentian violet and chlorhexidine (gendine) and tested its antimicrobial efficacy against different pathogens. The cannulas were coated with gendine on the exterior surface and dried. The efficacy and durability of gendine-coated cannulas were determined against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, methicillin-susceptible S. aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, vancomycin-resistant enterococci, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, and Candida glabrata using a biofilm colonization method. The cytotoxicity of gendine was assessed against mouse fibroblast cell lines. The gendine-coated cannulas showed complete prevention of biofilm colonization of all organisms tested for up to 2 weeks (P < 0.0001) compared to that with the uncoated control. A gendine-coated catheter against mouse fibroblast cells was shown to be noncytotoxic. Our in vitro results show that a novel gendine cannula is highly effective in completely inhibiting the biofilm of multidrug-resistant pathogens for up to 2 weeks and may have potential clinical applications, such as prolonged use, cost reduction, and lower infection rate. C ontinuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII), a universally approved method, is used by an increasing number of both children and adults with diabetes (1). Technical advancements in insulin pump fabrication and the use of rapid-acting insulin analogs in recent years have increased the safety and efficacy of CSII to successfully attain normoglycemia (2). It is estimated that Ͼ500,000 patients worldwide are currently using CSII (3). Among the major factors that usually lead to the discontinuation of CSII therapy are CSII set-related issues, such as those related to the inconvenience of CSII therapy, which includes the need for frequent set changes, mechanical issues with infusion sets, skin problems at the site associated with pain and skin irritation from needle sticks, and infection at the infusion site (4-6). The use of CSII pumps by diabetic cancer patients while undergoing chemotherapy might improve their glycemic control and therapeutic outcomes; however, this frequently immunosuppressed and immunocompromised population has heightened susceptibility to infections (7,8).The American Diabetic Association (ADA) recommends changing the infusion set catheter at least every 3 days. Longer use of CSII is associated with microbial colonization and may consequently lead to infection. These recomme...

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Efficacy of gentian violet in the eradication of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from skin lesions

Cited by 94 publications

References 4 publications

In Vivo Biocompatibility and In Vitro Efficacy of Antimicrobial Gendine-Coated Central Catheters

In Vivo Biocompatibility and In Vitro Efficacy of Antimicrobial Gendine-Coated Central Catheters

Decolorization of Malachite Green and Crystal Violet by Waterborne Pathogenic Mycobacteria

Development of Gendine-Coated Cannula for Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion for Extended Use

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