Efficacy of Hippotherapy Versus Pharmacotherapy in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Abstract

This trial is promising, but further studies are required to evaluate the long-term clinical effectiveness of hippotherapy. The study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT 02482649.

Effects of equine-assisted activities on attention and quality of life in children with cerebral palsy in a randomized trial: examining the comorbidity with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

“…The behavioral response and social structure of horses is similar to that of humans, which provides an opportunity to simulate relationships in a non-threatening environment [ 9 , 36 ]. Also, nonverbal communication and joint attention is promoted by interaction with horses [ 23 ] encouraging children to learn and control their emotions via rapport with the horse. In fact, a previous meta-analysis of EAA found a moderate effect in improving social skills [ 37 ].…”

“…The participants were assigned with trial ID numbers, created by a researcher not otherwise involved in the study. Prior to the 16-week study program, both groups participated in a pre-comprehensive assessment within 2 weeks, including intelligence, attention and psychological evaluation using Korean-Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fourth Edition (K-WISC-IV), Conner’s Continuous Performance Test (CPT), Korean ADHD Rating Scale (K-ARS) and Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQl), which were used in previous studies to examine therapeutic effects on ADHD or CP children [ 9 , 23 ]. 2-weeks after the program was completed, the post-test assessment, including attention and psychological evaluation was performed.…”

The Efficacy of Physical Activity for Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

“…The procedure was applied on the right and left side of the plot to add or remove studies that contribute to imbalance, so that an unbiased estimate of effect could be provided (Duval & Tweedie, 2000). Eleven RCTs including nine trials published in peer-reviewed journals (Bahram et al, 2014;Benzing & Schmidt, 2019;Choi et al, 2015;Garcia-Gomez et al, 2016;Gelade et al, 2016;Kang et al, 2011;Oh et al, 2018;Pan et al, 2016;Soori et al, 2020), one conference abstract (Davis et al, 2017), and one dissertation (Felmet, 1998) were included in the analysis. Two studies were conducted in Iran (Bahram et al, 2014;Soori et al, 2020), one each in Exclusion of full-text studies was performed sequentially, according to the following sequence: randomized allocation, ADHD diagnosis, intervention, control group, primary outcome, completed study, duplication or additional information, no access to necessary study data.…”

“…the Netherlands (Gelade et al, 2016), Spain (Garcia-Gomez et al, 2016), Switzerland (Benzing & Schmidt, 2019), and Taiwan (Pan et al, 2016), three in the Republic of Korea (Choi et al, 2015;Kang et al, 2011;Oh et al, 2018), and two in the United States of America (Davis et al, 2017;Felmet, 1998). One study was translated from Persian by a Persian to English interpreter (Bahram et al, 2014 (Davis et al, 2017;Garcia-Gomez et al, 2016;Kang et al, 2011;Oh et al, 2018;Pan et al, 2016), one study two to three times per week (Felmet, 1998), and five studies three times per week (Bahram et al, 2014;Benzing & Schmidt, 2019;Choi et al, 2015;Gelade et al, 2016;Soori et al, 2020).…”

“…Figure1represents the PRISMA flow diagram for the study selection. Eleven RCTs including nine trials published in peer-reviewed journals(Bahram et al, 2014;Benzing & Schmidt, 2019;Choi et al, 2015;Garcia-Gomez et al, 2016;Gelade et al, 2016;Kang et al, 2011;Oh et al, 2018;Pan et al, 2016;Soori et al, 2020), one conference abstract(Davis et al, 2017), and one dissertation(Felmet, 1998) were included in the analysis. Two studies were conducted in Iran(Bahram et al, 2014;Soori et al, 2020), one each in…”