Efficacy of the Aqueous Extract of Azadirachta indica Against the Marine Parasitic Leech and Its Phytochemical Profiling

Maran, Balu Alagar Venmathi; Josmeh, Dawglas; Tan, Jen Kit; Yong, Yoong Soon; Shah, Muhammad Dawood

doi:10.3390/molecules26071908

Cited by 17 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Therefore, strict screening for P. arugamensis on imported hybrid groupers upon arrival in the country would control and mitigate its prevalence and infestation rate as P. arugamensis might be unintentionally dispersed by the host, and once the host has undergone quarantine and thorough check up, there will be a reduction in the spread of marine leeches in the aquaculture system. Furthermore, developing safe biocontrol agents to mitigate the infestation rate of marine leeches using plants might also help the aquaculture system [ 49 , 50 , 51 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Population Genetic Structure of Marine Leech, Pterobdella arugamensis in Indo-West Pacific Region

Azmey

Taha

Mahasri

et al. 2022

Genes

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Grouper aquaculture is rapidly expanding in both tropical and subtropical regions. The presence of marine leeches (Pterobdella arugamensis; previously named Zeylanicobdella arugamensis) infesting cultured groupers, however, can have a fatal effect on grouper aquaculture production and cause significant economic loss. Understanding the marine leech’s population structure is therefore important to determine its possible distributional origin and distributional mechanisms, which will help monitor and mitigate the infestation. In this study, a total of 84 marine leeches collected from cultured hybrid groupers Epinephelus spp. in Brunei Darussalam, Malaysia and Indonesia were identified as P. arugamensis, based on morphological and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene sequence analyses. These leech samples, together with additional sequences from the GenBank database, were grouped into four genetically distinct haplogroups: (1) Asia Pacific, (2) Borneo, (3) Surabaya and (4) Iran. The four populations were found to be highly diverged from each other. The results also suggested that the samples from the Asia Pacific population could be dispersed and transported from Indonesia.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Population Genetic Structure of Marine Leech, Pterobdella arugamensis in Indo-West Pacific Region

Azmey

Taha

Mahasri

et al. 2022

Genes

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“…Therefore, many folk remedies of plant origin have been examined for their potential anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective properties [ 49 , 50 , 51 , 76 ]. Medicinal plants, such as Commelina nudiflora, Nephrolepis biserrata, Dillenia suffruticosa, Azadirachta indica, and Morinda citrifolia ( Figure 2 ), are vital sources of bioactive compounds with antioxidant potential [ 11 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 ]. These compounds play key roles in the detoxification and removal of free radicals [ 47 , 48 , 49 , 51 ].…”

Section: Medicinal Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hepatoprotective Potential of Malaysian Medicinal Plants: A Review on Phytochemicals, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidant Mechanisms

et al. 2022

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Hepatotoxicity is a major global public health concern. Despite advances in modern medicine, the demerits of chemically prepared drugs outweigh their merits. In addition, the treatment of liver diseases based on modern medical principles has been found to produce several undesired side effects. Therefore, the exploration of medicinal plants has gained worldwide attention for treating various diseases, including liver diseases, owing to their potential efficacy and cost effectiveness. Several plants, including Andrographis paniculata, Bauhinia purpurea, Commelina nudiflora, Dillenia suffruticosa, Elaeis guineensis, Lygodium microphyllum, and Nephrolepis biserrata, have been reported with hepatoprotection. Moreover, these plants have been shown to play a vital role in ameliorating cellular damage because they contain several phytochemicals, including alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, steroids, polyphenols, and diterpenoid lactones. The following antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and hepatoprotective compounds have been found in these plants: andrographolide, rosmarinic acid, phenol, eugenol, 9,12-octadecadienoic, n-hexadecanoic acid, dihydroxy dimethoxy flavone, sitosterol, demethoxycurcumin, quercetin, linoleic acid, stigmasterol, kojic acid, indole-2-one, α-terpinol, linalool, kaempferol, catechin, ellagic acid, and oleanolic acid. This paper aimed to provide an in-depth review of in vivo studies on Malaysian medicinal plants possessing hepatoprotective properties, phytochemical ingredients, and antioxidant mechanisms, with an emphasis on the species proven particularly useful for treating hepatic disorders.

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“…2.6. Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) Acquisition LC-MS/MS analysis was performed using the Dionex UltiMate 3000 UHPLC system (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) coupled with the Thermo Scientific Q Exactive HF Orbitrap mass spectrometry system (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) as described in [22,23]. A Thermo Syncronis C18 column (2.1 mm × 100 mm × 1.7 µm; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) was used for liquid chromatography and maintained at 55 • C at a flow rate of 450 µL/min during analysis.…”

Section: Observation Of Leech Behaviormentioning

confidence: 99%

Antiparasitic Potential of Methanol Extract of Brown Alga Sargassum polycystum (Phaeophyceae) and Its LC-MS/MS Metabolite Profiling

et al. 2022

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In Southeast Asian nations, cultured hybrid groupers are facing serious infestation by the marine parasitic leech Zeylanicobdella arugamensis (Annelida, Hirudinea). They attach to the hybrid groupers by sucking and biting on the surface of the skin, paving the way for secondary infection upon the fish. The objective of the study is to utilize the locally available seaweed to control the infestation of parasitic leeches. The methanol extracts of the brown alga Sargassum polycystum C. Agardh, 1824 (Phaeophyceae) from Sabah were prepared and investigated for antiparasitic efficacy against Z. arugamensis through in vitro bioassay. A total of 126 adult leeches from the host hybrid groupers were obtained from the fish hatchery. The parasitic leeches were treated with the methanol extracts of S. polycystum for 180 min by preparing five different dosages at concentrations of 100, 50, 25, 12.5, and 6.25 mg/mL. The brown alga was found to have high antiparasitic efficacy, resulting in 100% leech mortality over a short period of time. It showed the highest antiparasitic efficacy (total mortality of leeches) in a short time limit of 0.96 ± 0.44 min, for 100 mg/mL of the extract. Observations on leech behavior in the positive control and the seaweed extract treatments showed vigorous swimming before mortality. LC-MS/MS analysis was used to reveal the phytochemical composition of the extract to understand the nature of the main components responsible for its antiparasitic activities. A total of 29 metabolites were identified via Q Exactive HF Orbitrap mass spectrometry, including two flavonoids (ephedrannin A and hinokiflavone), two organoarsenics (1-dimethylarsinoyl-heptadecane and cacodylic acid), four heterocyclic compounds, and two chlorophyll breakdown products. The presence of bioactive compounds could increase the mortality rate of parasitic leeches. Thus, this study concludes that the brown alga showed high efficacy in its antiparasitic activities and can be effectively applied for treatment in grouper aquaculture farms for sustainable aquaculture.

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Efficacy of the Aqueous Extract of Azadirachta indica Against the Marine Parasitic Leech and Its Phytochemical Profiling

Cited by 17 publications

References 44 publications

Population Genetic Structure of Marine Leech, Pterobdella arugamensis in Indo-West Pacific Region

Population Genetic Structure of Marine Leech, Pterobdella arugamensis in Indo-West Pacific Region

Hepatoprotective Potential of Malaysian Medicinal Plants: A Review on Phytochemicals, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidant Mechanisms

Antiparasitic Potential of Methanol Extract of Brown Alga Sargassum polycystum (Phaeophyceae) and Its LC-MS/MS Metabolite Profiling

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