Efficiency improvements in US office equipment

Koomey, Jonathan; Piette, M.A.; Cramer, Michael; Eto, Joseph H.

doi:10.1016/s0301-4215(96)00101-2

Cited by 16 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 5 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Norford et al (1990) include PCs and their associated peripherals, including printers. Koomey et al (1996) include minicomputers, mainframes, point-ofsale terminals, fax machines, copiers, printers, monitors, and PCs. Kawamoto et al (2002) include portable computers, desktops, servers, displays, minicomputers, mainframes, terminals, laser and inkjet printers, copiers, and faxes.…”

Section: Taxonomy Of Ict Energy Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Known unknowns: indirect energy effects of information and communication technology

Horner

Shehabi

Azevedo

2016

Environ. Res. Lett.

131

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background. There has been sustained and growing interest in characterizing the net energy impact of information and communication technology (ICT), which results from indirect effects offsetting (or amplifying) the energy directly consumed by ICT equipment. These indirect effects may be either positive or negative, and there is considerable disagreement as to the direction of this sign as well as the effect magnitude. Literature in this area ranges from studies focused on a single service (such as e-commerce versus traditional retail) to macroeconomic studies attempting to characterize the overall impact of ICT. Methods. We review the literature on the indirect energy effect of ICT found via Google Scholar, our own research, and input from other researchers in the field. The various studies are linked to an effect taxonomy, which is synthesized from several different hierarchies present in the literature. References are further grouped according to ICT service (e.g., e-commerce, telework) and summarized by scope, method, and quantitative and qualitative findings. Review results. Uncertainty persists in understanding the net energy effects of ICT. Results of indirect energy effect studies are highly sensitive to scoping decisions and assumptions made by the analyst. Uncertainty increases as the impact scope broadens, due to complex and interconnected effects. However, there is general agreement that ICT has large energy savings potential, but that the realization of this potential is highly dependent on deployment details and user behavior. Discussion. While the overall net effect of ICT is likely to remain unknown, this review suggests several guidelines for improving research quality in this area, including increased data collection, enhancing traditional modeling studies with sensitivity analysis, greater care in scoping, less confidence in characterizing aggregate impacts, more effort on understanding user behavior, and more contextual integration across the different levels of the effect taxonomy.

show abstract

Section: Taxonomy Of Ict Energy Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Known unknowns: indirect energy effects of information and communication technology

Horner

Shehabi

Azevedo

2016

Environ. Res. Lett.

131

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Electricity used by information technology (IT) equipment has been a subject of intense interest since the first ENERGY STAR specification for personal computers was released in the early 1990s (Johnson and Zoi 1992). The first detailed measurements of personal computer electricity use were published in the late 1980s (Harris et al 1988) followed by estimates of total electricity used by office equipment (Koomey et al 1996, Norford et al 1990, Piette et al 1991 and assessments of potential efficiency improvements in that equipment (Koomey et al 1996, Ledbetter and Smith 1993, Lovins and Heede 1990.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Worldwide electricity used in data centers

Koomey

2008

Environ. Res. Lett.

Self Cite

492

222

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The direct electricity used by data centers has become an important issue in recent years as demands for new Internet services (such as search, music downloads, video-on-demand, social networking, and telephony) have become more widespread. This study estimates historical electricity used by data centers worldwide and regionally on the basis of more detailed data than were available for previous assessments, including electricity used by servers, data center communications, and storage equipment.Aggregate electricity use for data centers doubled worldwide from 2000 to 2005. Three quarters of this growth was the result of growth in the number of the least expensive (volume) servers. Data center communications and storage equipment each contributed about 10% of the growth. Total electricity use grew at an average annual rate of 16.7% per year, with the Asia Pacific region (without Japan) being the only major world region with growth significantly exceeding that average. Direct electricity used by information technology equipment in data centers represented about 0.5% of total world electricity consumption in 2005. When electricity for cooling and power distribution is included, that figure is about 1%. Worldwide data center power demand in 2005 was equivalent (in capacity terms) to about seventeen 1000 MW power plants.

show abstract

“…Environmentally friendly technologies are the key to sustainable economic activity (Koomey et al, 1996). In order to optimize the use of resources across the entire spectrum of global value chains, it is essential to tap the full potential of technology.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Green Information Technology (IT) framework for energy efficient data centers using virtualization

Uddin¹

2012

Int. J. Phys. Sci.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The increasing demand for storage, networking and computation has driven the escalation of large complex data centers, the massive server farms that run many of today's Internet, financial, commercial and business applications. A data center can comprise many thousands of servers and can use as much energy as a small city. The massive amounts of computation power required to drive these server systems results in many challenges like energy consumption, emission of green house gases, backups and recovery issues, etc. The rising costs of oil and global warming are some of the biggest challenges of today's world. The research proposed in this paper discusses how virtualization can be used to improve the performance and energy efficiency of data centers. To prove this work, Green Information Technology (IT) based framework is developed to seamlessly and securely divide data center components into different resource pools depending on different parameters like energy consumption ratio, utilization ratio, workloads, etc. The framework highlights the importance of implementing green metrics like power usage effectiveness (PUE) and data center effectiveness, and carbon emission calculator to measure the efficiency of data center in terms of energy utilization and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions. The framework is based on virtualization and cloud computing to increase the utilization ratio of already installed servers from 10% to more than 50%.

show abstract

Efficiency improvements in US office equipment

Cited by 16 publications

References 5 publications

Known unknowns: indirect energy effects of information and communication technology

Known unknowns: indirect energy effects of information and communication technology

Worldwide electricity used in data centers

Green Information Technology (IT) framework for energy efficient data centers using virtualization

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About