​Efficiency, tranquillity and stability indices to evaluate performance in the artificial reef wake region

Efficiency Index Diagram for Wake Region Evaluation of Artificial Reefs Facilitated for Marine Forest Creation

“…The EbFVM has been used widely as a computational fluid dynamic tool for flow analyses of automobiles, subsea pipes, artificial reefs, and other structures (Marcondes and Sepehrnoori, 2010;Woo et al, 2014;Jung et al, 2016;Kim et al, 2014aKim et al, , 2014bKim et al, , 2016aKim et al, , 2016b because this tool allows powerful mesh generation and wake volume adaptation. The method discretizes the analysis domain into sub-regions, and the governing equation is converted into algebraic equation and then iteratively applied to find a solution (Finnegan and Goggins, 2012).…”

“…This function is categorized into several elements such as gathering or attracting marine species, providing a rest, spawning, and energysaving region (Hockley et al, 2013), protecting the species from predators, and finally increasing biomass and diversity. Quantification of these elements in terms of physical measures has been carried out (Kim et al, 2016b), for example efficiency, tranquility, and stability indices of an AR wake region. Wake region of an AR is formed by the interaction of the reef with prevailing currents or water flows (Wolanski and Hammer, 1988).…”

“…Thus, we need to normalize those two measures (size of wake region and recirculating flow speed). For the normalization, Kim et al (2016b) proposed efficiency and tranquility indices to evaluate performance in the AR wake region.…”

“…Focusing on the efficiency index (Kim et al, 2016b) and considering the dependency of efficiency index on the prevailing flow speed, this study proposes a so-called efficiency index diagram. This diagram shows the overall characteristics of efficiency index of an AR wake region, i.e., an average value, fundamental symmetric angle, secure angles, and principal directions.…”

Impacts of Marine Ranching Construction on Sediment Pore Water Characteristic and Nutrient Flux Across the Sediment–water Interface in a Subtropical Marine Ranching (Zhelin Bay, China)

“…Higher depleted rate of DO concentrations in site MA were probably due to decaying macroalgae (Wang et al, 2016). Otherwise, artificial reef construction will affect the local physical dynamics in the small-scale environments (Kim et al, 2016;Seaman, 2000). A large reef structure can create locally significant vertical upwelled current and cause resuspension or scouring of sediment around the reef bottom.…”