Efficient and stable formamidinium–caesium perovskite solar cells and modules from lead acetate-based precursors

Abstract

The control of the crystallization process of perovskite thin films to obtain a high-quality material is one of the most challenging aspects for upscaling perovskite solar cell (PSC) technology. The...

Precursor Engineering of Lead Acetate-Based Precursors for High-Open-Circuit Voltage Wide-Bandgap Perovskite Solar Cells

“…However, the crystallization of MAPbI 3 perovskites is quite different from FACs-based mixed-cation lead mixed-halide perovskites, and only recently was chemistry suitably developed to create lead acetate-based precursors for these perovskites. 37 With the reporting of this recent development, we decided to extend the system to investigate the effect of chloride incorporation in lead acetate-based precursors on the film quality of a FACsbased WBG perovskite, namely, FA 0.83 Cs 0.17 Pb(I 0.8 Br 0.2 ) 3 .…”

“…Qing et al and Yalcinkaya et al , demonstrated that incorporating chloride into a PbAc 2 -based precursor solution improved the crystallization of the narrow bandgap perovskite MAPbI 3 by decreasing the evaporation rate of the methylammonium chloride (MACl) byproduct compared to methylammonium acetate (MAAc), resulting in enlarged grain sizes and reduced trap density. However, the crystallization of MAPbI 3 perovskites is quite different from FACs-based mixed-cation lead mixed-halide perovskites, and only recently was chemistry suitably developed to create lead acetate-based precursors for these perovskites . With the reporting of this recent development, we decided to extend the system to investigate the effect of chloride incorporation in lead acetate-based precursors on the film quality of a FACs-based WBG perovskite, namely, FA 0.83 Cs 0.17 Pb­(I 0.8 Br 0.2 ) 3 .…”

“…The perovskite precursor solutions (1.1 M) were prepared in a N 2 glovebox. Stoichiometric amounts of FABr, FAI, CsI, PbAc 2 , PbCl 2 , and NH 4 I were mixed in anhydrous N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) following our previous report, 37 and PbCl 2 was substituted for a certain amount of PbAc 2 to reach the desired PbAc 2 /PbCl 2 ratio. DI water (the molar ratio of DI/ Pb 2+ is 3) and a hypophosphorous acid solution (the molar ratio of HPA/Pb 2+ is 0.1) were then added as additives.…”

“…Although these surface passivation strategies mark significant progress, challenges remain in improving the quality of WBG perovskite films. Several studies used a small amount of lead thiocyanate as an additive in the precursor solution to improve the grain size and crystallinity of WBG perovskite films. ,, This method, however, resulted in the inclusion of the undesired byproduct PbI 2 , which is detrimental to device stability. , More importantly, most efficient WBG PSCs were still fabricated using the conventional antisolvent-assisted crystallization method, ,− ,− which is not suitable for scalable fabrication, and therefore do not address the challenge of how these devices will be manufactured industrially . The use of a lead acetate-based (PbAc 2 ) precursor, which can be used to fabricate high-quality perovskite thin films without the use of antisolvent, is a potential solution to this issue …”

High‐Quality Lead Acetate–Based Ruddlesden–Popper Perovskite Films for Efficient Solar Cells

“…[ 31,32 ] Very recently, Zhao et al demonstrated efficient and stable 3D FA 0.83 Cs 0.17 Pb(I 0.9 Br 0.1 ) 3 perovskite solar cells and modules from PbAc 2 ‐based precursor using industrially scalable blade‐coating techniques in an ambient air environment. [ 33 ] Moreover, PbAc 2 can be easily produced from spent lead–acid batteries for lead recycling and low‐cost fabrication. [ 34 ] However, the lead sources for RPPs have been limited to lead halides, usage of nonhalide lead sources has rarely been investigated in RPPs to the best of our knowledge.…”