Efficient Industrial Organic Synthesis and the Principles of Green Chemistry

Abstract

Principles of Green Chemistry and Industrial Synthesis Can efficient state-of-the-art industrial organic synthesis be alignedw ith the principles of green chemistryo ra re these still two different worlds?N ot necessarily,a nd many of these principles are alreadyi mplementedi ni ndustrialo rganic synthesis for economic and regulatory reasons. But there remain enough challenges in making industrial organic synthesis greener, which requires intensiveresearch and innovative processes. Chemists should be aware of the 12 principles of green chemistry these days for obvious andg ood reasons. [1] Many principles for the economic production of organic bulk chemicals (production volumes of more than 1000 tons ay ear), the synthesis of which have potentially the highest environmental impact,c urrently overlap with principles of green chemistry (Scheme 1). [2] Efficient Key Transformations But what does this mean?F irst, atom economy is one of the core points in large-scale organic synthesis. The toolbox of organic transformationsr un on multi-million-ton scalesi sm ainly drivenb yn ot losing carbon from the starting materiala nd not producing unwanted by-products or waste (Scheme 2). The given transformations in Scheme 2c learly show that the use of catalysis is essential for most high atom efficient transformationsa nd one of the core points for the development of efficient synthetic routes and for further improvement. Oxidations:Lab vs. Industrial Ta king oxidations as an example, there are significantd ifferences in the lab-scale synthesis as compared to al arge industrial scale. Duet ot he convenient usea nd selectivities, easy-to-Scheme1.Principlesofg reen chemistry compared with principles for an economic production.

Applications of Oxone® in Organic Synthesis: An Emerging Green Reagent of Modern Era

“…Even though, a range of methods are already reported for the generation of these valuable molecules but they have some limitations for instance involvement of toxic reagents, prolonged reaction times, limited substrate scopes, harsh reaction conditions, and tedious work-up procedures as well. [287][288][289] In order to overcome some of the above mentioned critical problems, Ravinder's group in 2016 reported an efficient and expedient way for the synthesis of a varied 3aryl [1,2,4]triazolo [4,3-α]pyridines 347 a-g from the oxidative cyclization of 2-(2-arylidenehydrazinyl)pyridines 346 utilizing RuCl 3 /oxone in 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE) as a solvent in a chemoselective manner (Scheme 114). [290] A detailed possible mechanism reported by the authors is stated in the Scheme 115.…”

Ethanol: Unlocking an Abundant Renewable C2‐Feedstock for Catalytic Enantioselective C−C Coupling

“…A 2017 BASF survey reveals that only 13 % of the 20.8 million tons of carbon feedstocks used to manufacture organic chemicals were derived from renewable sources, with the remainder generated from crude oil (76 %), natural gas (10 %), or coal (1 %) [1] . Ethanol is produced at a rate of >85 million tons/year worldwide, [2] making it the largest‐volume renewable small molecule feedstock.…”

Homogeneous Catalysis and Heterogeneous Recycling: A Simple Zn(II) Catalyst for Green Fatty Acid Esterification

“…The growing concern about global warming and fossil resource consumption has led to the development of sustainable technologies, processes, and products that exploit renewable energies and feedstocks. , …”

“…The growing concern about global warming and fossil resource consumption has led to the development of sustainable technologies, processes, and products that exploit renewable energies and feedstocks. 1,2 Among renewable resources, fatty acids (FAs) from vegetable oils occupy a relevant position due to their similarity to the aliphatic fractions of fossil materials. 3,4 For a full application of the principles of the circular economy, it is necessary that the vegetable raw material comes from waste or nonfood oils, a condition that creates a virtuous route for the sustainable production of many commodities.…”