Efficient Reject Options for Particle Filter Object Tracking in Medical Applications

Abstract

Reliable object tracking that is based on video data constitutes an important challenge in diverse areas, including, among others, assisted surgery. Particle filtering offers a state-of-the-art technology for this challenge. Becaise a particle filter is based on a probabilistic model, it provides explicit likelihood values; in theory, the question of whether an object is reliably tracked can be addressed based on these values, provided that the estimates are correct. In this contribution, we investigate the question of whether these likelihood values are suitable for deciding whether the tracked object has been lost. An immediate strategy uses a simple threshold value to reject settings with a likelihood that is too small. We show in an application from the medical domain—object tracking in assisted surgery in the domain of Robotic Osteotomies—that this simple threshold strategy does not provide a reliable reject option for object tracking, in particular if different settings are considered. However, it is possible to develop reliable and flexible machine learning models that predict a reject based on diverse quantities that are computed by the particle filter. Modeling the task in the form of a regression enables a flexible handling of different demands on the tracking accuracy; modeling the challenge as an ensemble of classification tasks yet surpasses the results, while offering the same flexibility.

Navigation of iliac crest graft harvest using markerless augmented reality and cutting guide technology: A pilot study

“…Therefore, partial and complete occlusions of the bone by blood, soft tissue, surgeons or instruments may result in tracking failures and manual reinitialization of the particle filter. In this regard, a method for detecting tracking failures of a particle filter was recently proposed by Kummert et al, 34 which can prevent the projection of incorrect cutting edges.…”