Efficient Synthesis of Chlorin e6 and Its Potential Photodynamic Immunotherapy in Mouse Melanoma by the Abscopal Effect

Shrestha, Rajeev; Mallik, Shyam Kumar; Lim, Junmo; Gurung, Pallavi; Magar, Til Bahadur Thapa

doi:10.3390/ijms24043901

Cited by 15 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…To determine the correlation between the dose of a drug and its concentration in the body, we found the half-life of Ce6-PVP (5 mg/kg) to be 0.5 h in the normal tissues of mice and 4 h in the normal rat or fat mice, respectively. The rapid accumulation of Ce6 within a short period of time and its fast drug clearance are advantageous for preventing drug accumulation and its toxicity [ 32 , 36 ]. The effects of drugs are mainly due to the metabolic changes in the drug and its ability to be absorbed into the body.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anti-Obesity Effect of Chlorin e6-Mediated Photodynamic Therapy on Mice with High-Fat-Diet-Induced Obesity

et al. 2023

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This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Chlorin e6 (Ce6)-based photodynamic therapy (PDT) for anti-obesity activities in high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced obesity mouse models. We induced obesity in C57BL/6 mice by HFD and administered Ce6 (2.5 or 5 mg/kg) orally with 3 h of incubation. The mice were then exposed to light of high fluence rate (4.96 mW/cm2) or low fluence rate (2.56 mW/cm2) in the designed LED mouse chamber 2–3 days a week for up to 8 weeks. The study also analyzed the pharmacokinetics and optimization of the drug by evaluating the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of Ce6 in the rat models. Both low doses (2.5 mg/kg) and high doses (5 mg/kg) of Ce6 with high irradiation dose showed better anti-obesity effects than other groups with decreased body weight. The lipid accumulation in the liver and adipocyte size in epididymal adipose tissues were found to be decreased by Ce6-PDT in comparison to vehicle-treated HFD groups. We also observed increased levels of the lipidomic biomarkers, such as leptin and LDL cholesterol, while observing decreasing levels of total cholesterol and adiponectin in the Ce6-PDT-treated mice. These findings may provide valuable insight into Ce6-PDT as an alternative and non-invasive therapeutic methodology for obesity and obesity-related diseases.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After receiving the remarkable results of Ce6-mediated PDT for cancer treatments [ 30 , 31 , 32 ], we introduced Ce6-PDT for the first time for its anti-obesity activities in vivo. In an earlier study, we demonstrated the potential inhibitory roles of Ce6-PDT on adipogenesis and lipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells [ 33 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anti-Obesity Effect of Chlorin e6-Mediated Photodynamic Therapy on Mice with High-Fat-Diet-Induced Obesity

et al. 2023

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“…Yet, the hunt for new PS from potential natural sources is continuing by adopting crucial advanced scrutinizing steps. In this line, chlorophylls, porphyrins, furocoumarins, chlorins (Chlorin e6 [Ce6]), and a few other emerging PSs are of interest as they have exhibited superior therapeutic efficacy [69]. However, the new prospective PS should meet the eligible criteria to enhance target-specific actions for therapeutic efficiency in PDT and various other wider clinical applications.…”

Section: Natural Products (Nps) As Lead Molecules In Drug Discoverymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The longer spectra of wavelength between 650 and 700 nm aid deep penetration of targets. These novel characteristics motivate investigators in the field to look for more plant-derived extracts to elucidate the structure and function of many new prospective herb-derived PS [69]. It is important to note that such as porphyrin-type derivatives, chlorin PS can also exhibit two additional hydrogen atoms combined with peripheral pyrrole double bonds.…”

Section: Chlorinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photosensitizing Herbs as Potential Therapeutics: A Prospective Insights into their Mechanisms for the Development of Novel Drug Leads in War with Cancer and Other Human Diseases

Seyed,

Mahmoud

2024

Open Access Maced J Med Sci

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In recent years, photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been accepted as an alternative option for the treatment of a wide spectrum of human ailments. It is a minimally invasive treatment that involves the interaction of a non-toxic photosensitizer. In PDT, combining photosensitizing (PS) agent that absorbs specified wavelength of light, which in turn produces free radical molecules to eliminate unwanted cells and tissues. The photosensitization process is activated by the light-induced excitation of molecules within the tissue. Bioactive principles acquired from plants documented as nature-inspired potential photosensitizers with varied properties against microbes, insects, or tumor cells. PDT is a promising method for removing diverse types of cancers but needs to be recognized in therapy as conventional chemotherapy. At present, natural compounds with PS properties are being continuously unearthed and identified. As of now, hundreds of photosensitive drugs or drug leads identified from natural sources with reduced or no toxicity to healthy tissues and no side effects encourage investigators to pursue natural PS for PDT. Although existing PS was developed years back, only a handful of them are engaged in human clinical applications. The main classes of natural photosensitizers discussed in this review are chlorophylls (hypocrellin A and B), hypericin, chlorins (Chlorin e6), and other emerging ones such as curcumin. Hence, the present review aimed to explore the efficacious PS properties of a few herbal-derived PS, preferably the potential ones in terms of specificity, and mechanism of action, inducing less or no toxicity to normal cells but their other medicinal applications.

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“…were evaluated as promising PSs; when irradiated with red light (λ = 660 nm), the in vitro phototoxic effect of the nanoparticles in HeLa cells exceeded by 1.5–2 times that of the reference dye chlorin e6 trisodium salt—one of the most effective PSs used in clinical practice [ 141 ]. A PDT based on chlorin e6 (Ce6) from Spirulina platensis not only confirmed the suppression of a mouse melanoma on the mouse left flank, but also the induction of systemic effects in non-irradiated tumors on the right flank, where no Ce6-PDT was given, by triggering an immune response [ 142 ]. A derivative of Ce6 from S. platensis , the Ce6-trimethylester, was evaluated in the potential treatment of HeLa cells, reducing cell viability after irradiation with a 650 nm laser at 1.2 J/cm 2 /min [ 143 ].…”

Section: Emerging and Innovative Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging Applications of Chlorella sp. and Spirulina (Arthrospira) sp.

Abreu¹,

Martins²

2023

Bioengineering

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Chlorella sp. and Spirulina (Arthrospira) sp. account for over 90% of the global microalgal biomass production and represent one of the most promising aquiculture bioeconomy systems. These microorganisms have been widely recognized for their nutritional and therapeutic properties; therefore, a significant growth of their market is expected, especially in the nutraceutical, food, and beverage segments. However, recent advancements in biotechnology and environmental science have led to the emergence of new applications for these microorganisms. This paper aims to explore these innovative applications, while shedding light on their roles in sustainable development, health, and industry. From this state-of-the art review, it was possible to give an in-depth outlook on the environmental sustainability of Chlorella sp. and Spirulina (Arthrospira) sp. For instance, there have been a variety of studies reported on the use of these two microorganisms for wastewater treatment and biofuel production, contributing to climate change mitigation efforts. Moreover, in the health sector, the richness of these microalgae in photosynthetic pigments and bioactive compounds, along with their oxygen-releasing capacity, are being harnessed in the development of new drugs, wound-healing dressings, photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy, tissue engineering, and anticancer treatments. Furthermore, in the industrial sector, Chlorella sp. and Spirulina (Arthrospira) sp. are being used in the production of biopolymers, fuel cells, and photovoltaic technologies. These innovative applications might bring different outlets for microalgae valorization, enhancing their potential, since the microalgae sector presents issues such as the high production costs. Thus, further research is highly needed to fully explore their benefits and potential applications in various sectors.

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Efficient Synthesis of Chlorin e6 and Its Potential Photodynamic Immunotherapy in Mouse Melanoma by the Abscopal Effect

Cited by 15 publications

References 40 publications

Anti-Obesity Effect of Chlorin e6-Mediated Photodynamic Therapy on Mice with High-Fat-Diet-Induced Obesity

Anti-Obesity Effect of Chlorin e6-Mediated Photodynamic Therapy on Mice with High-Fat-Diet-Induced Obesity

Photosensitizing Herbs as Potential Therapeutics: A Prospective Insights into their Mechanisms for the Development of Novel Drug Leads in War with Cancer and Other Human Diseases

Emerging Applications of Chlorella sp. and Spirulina (Arthrospira) sp.

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