Efficient Utilization of Tea Resources through Encapsulation: Dual Perspectives from Core Material to Wall Material

Abstract

With the high production and consumption of tea around the world, efficient utilization of tea byproducts (tea pruning, tea residues after production, and drinking) is the focus of improving the economy of the tea industry. This review comprehensively discusses the efficient utilization of tea resources by encapsulation from the dual perspectives of core material and wall material. The core material is mainly tea polyphenols, followed by tea oils. The encapsulation system for tea polyphenols includes microcapsules, nanoparticles, emulsions, gels, conjugates, metal–organic frameworks, liposomes, and nanofibers. In addition, it is also diversified for the encapsulation of tea oils. Tea resources as wall materials refer to tea saponins, tea polyphenols, tea proteins, and tea polysaccharides. The application of the tea-based delivery system widely involves functionally fortified food, meat preservation, film, medical treatment, wastewater treatment, and plant protection. In the future, the coencapsulation of tea resources as core materials and other functional ingredients, the precise targeting of these tea resources, and the wide application of tea resources in wall materials need to be focused on. In conclusion, the described technofunctional properties and future research challenges in this review should be followed.

A robust epoxy nanocomposite with iron oxide decorated cellulose nanofiber as a sustained drug delivery vehicle for antibacterial drugs

“…Tea is the second most widely used beverage that is enriched with bioactive compounds such as polyphenols (especially catechins or gallocatechins), flavonoids, alkaloids, amino acids, vitamins, carbohydrates, etc. 23,24 Although the detection or estimation of each component is out of scope for this study, realizing the active role of polyphenols in the formation IONPs from previous literatures, the total phenolic content was evaluated using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. 18 The total phenolic content of TE was evaluated to be 399.2 AE 2.9 mg GAE per gram of tea fibers taken, which unveiled the abundance of phenolic compounds in the extract.…”

Innovative Encapsulation Strategies for Food, Industrial, and Pharmaceutical Applications

“…Furthermore, before they can be introduced into clinical trials and case studies, nanodrugs require comprehensive evaluation with respect to their sensitivity, sensory performance, physicochemical stability, biocompatibility, carrying capacity, capacity for targeted release, as well as their potential to provide effective bioactive protection. [41] Here, we describe recent advances in the methods and systems employed to encapsulate valuable biocompounds. Through this review, we also explore the possibility of using encapsulation approaches in drug development and optimization, particularly for sensitive natural resources, in order to ensure targeted administration and efficient activities.…”

“…The lack of data from pharmacokinetic and biodistribution studies highlights the ongoing need for further research to obtain more precise information. Furthermore, before they can be introduced into clinical trials and case studies, nanodrugs require comprehensive evaluation with respect to their sensitivity, sensory performance, physicochemical stability, biocompatibility, carrying capacity, capacity for targeted release, as well as their potential to provide effective bioactive protection [41] …”