“…3-D particle modelling of the flow around the bend showed that large vortexes were created just downstream of the inside wall of the bend while flow followed a more streamlined pattern around the outside of the bend. This was in good agreement with latter constant temperature anemometry (CTA) observations made by Lohrer, Hahn, Arndt, and Grä tz (2008) who showed that a bend induced a significant increase in turbulence over the first 30% of the inner diameter of the pipe immediately after the bend. Whereas, only a relatively small amount of turbulence was induced around the outer side.…”