EIS comparative study and critical Equivalent Electrical Circuit (EEC) analysis of the native oxide layer of additive manufactured and wrought 316L stainless steel

Revilla, Reynier I.; Wouters, Benny; Andreatta, F.; Lanzutti, A.; Fedrizzi, L.; Graeve, Iris De

doi:10.1016/j.corsci.2020.108480

Cited by 90 publications

(69 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…47 Lower passive current density values and, in some cases, enhanced oxide impedance relative to wrought, have been reported in neutral chloride media. [49][50] In other studies, however, these trends are either not apparent or the inverse relationship was reported. 19,51 One possible reason for these mixed results is that electrochemical behavior measured using bulk methods (e.g., 1 cm 2 test areas) can convolute substructure electrochemical contributions with the effects of other microstructural features that can dominate response, such as pores.…”

Section: Solidification Substructurementioning

confidence: 84%

“…Distribution of corrosion studies in terms of stainless steel alloy, process, and environment. [2][3][4][5][6][7]10,[18][19]27,29,37,[47][48][49][50][51][53][54]57,[68][69]76,[91][92][101][102][103][104][105]109,116,129,134,137,144,[146][147][148][149]153,178,[185][186][187][188][189][190][191][192][193][194]…”

Section: Additive Manufacturing Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In environments that promote passive behavior, such as neutral chloride or dilute acid environments, several investigators have postulated that subgrain boundaries in SLM austenitic SS serve to improve passive film characteristics in a manner like that proposed for nanocrystalline grain refinement of stainless steels. [47][48][49][50] Specifically, the subgrain boundaries have been suggested to enhance passivity by providing a high density of preferential oxide nucleation sites that promote and enhance barrier characteristics. 48 Lodhi, et al, for example, attributed the 10 times lower passive current densities measured during anodic potentiodynamic polarization on SLM versus wrought 316L in weak (<0.1 M) sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ) solutions to this substructure effect.…”

Section: Solidification Substructurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…19,51 Differences in thickness and compositional profiles of the native oxide on SLM versus wrought 316 L are not, in our opinion, readily apparent within the uncertainty of the analysis techniques used-glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). [49][50] Additional electrochemical data, such as repassivation kinetics, along with more detailed studies that examine material factors in isolation (e.g., residual stress, defects) would help to further elucidate the relationship between substructure and passivity.…”

Section: Solidification Substructurementioning

confidence: 99%

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Corrosion of Additively Manufactured Stainless Steels—Process, Structure, Performance: A Review

Schindelholz

Rodelas

2021

Corrosion

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The corrosion of additively manufactured (AM) metallic materials, such as stainless steels (SS), is a critical factor for their qualification and reliable use. This review assesses the emerging knowledgebase of powder-based laser AM SS corrosion and environmentally assisted cracking (EAC). The origins of AM-unique material features and their hierarchal impact on corrosion and EAC are addressed relative to conventionally processed SS. The effects of starting material, heat treatment and surface finishing are substantively discussed. An assessment of the current status of AM corrosion research, scientific gaps and research needs with greatest impact for AM SS advancement and qualification is provided.

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Section: Solidification Substructurementioning

confidence: 84%

Section: Additive Manufacturing Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Solidification Substructurementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Solidification Substructurementioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Corrosion of Additively Manufactured Stainless Steels—Process, Structure, Performance: A Review

Schindelholz

Rodelas

2021

Corrosion

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“…The passivation zone of the bottom specimen has an obvious and longer platform, which is significantly more stable than the other two specimens. This is mainly because the material surface in the bottom region had a more stable passivation film than the other two regions [30]. Chromium atoms did not have enough time to spread and migrate over long distance and were largely dissolved in the matrix due to the rapid solidification of droplets caused by the chilling action of the substrate during the first few layers of deposition.…”

Section: Corrosion Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

Wire Arc Deposition Additive Manufacturing and Experimental Study of 316L Stainless Steel by CMT + P Process

Xie

Xue

Ren

2020

Metals

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The cold metal transfer plus pulse (CMT + P) process was performed to produce a 316L vertical wall through the single-channel multi-layer deposition method. The microstructure of different regions on deposited samples was observed by an optical microscope and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The phase composition of the as-deposited wall was checked by X-ray diffraction, and the element distribution in the structure was analyzed by an energy-dispersive spectrometer. The tensile strength and microhardness of samples were tested, and the fracture morphology was observed by an SEM. Finally, the electrochemical corrosion characteristics of the as-deposited wall in different regions along the building direction were tested. Results from the experiments indicated that the microstructure of metallography showed a layer band. The metallurgical bounding between layers was carried out by dendrite remelting and epitaxial growth. Along the building direction, the alloy of different regions solidified in an ferritic-austenitic (FA) manner, and due to having undergone different heat histories, their SEM microstructures were significantly distinct. The ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and yield strength (YS) of the vertical specimens were higher than those of the horizontal specimens, displaying obvious anisotropy. Due to a large amount of precipitation of precipitated phases in terms of intermetallic compounds in the middle and upper regions, the tensile strength and microhardness along the building direction showed a trend of first decreasing and then increasing. In the bottom region, a small amount of ferrite precipitated in the austenite matrix, while in the middle of the as-deposited wall, the amount of ferrite gradually increased and was distributed in the austenite matrix as a network. However, due to the heat accumulation effect, the ferrite dissolved into austenite in large quantities and the austenite showed an obvious increase in size in the top region. A stable passivation film was caused by a relatively low dislocation density and grain boundary number, and the middle region of the arc as-deposited wall had the best corrosion resistance. The large consumption of chromium (Cr) atoms and material stripping in the top region resulted in the integrity of the passivation film in this region being the weakest, resulting in the lowest corrosion resistance.

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Determining the Necessity of Post‐Processing Heat Treatment for the 316L Stainless Steel Manufactured by Laser Powder Bed Fusion through Evaluation of Mechanical and Corrosion Properties

Karan,

Vadani,

Muralishankar

et al. 2024

Adv Eng Mater

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Austenitic 316L stainless steel (SS316L) has been a material widely fabricated by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) process. However, as a single‐phase alloy, after LPBF, it remains unclear whether post‐processing heat treatment is necessary to further improve the mechanical performance and corrosion resistance. To clarify this uncertainty, the as‐LPBF‐fabricated 316L samples are annealed at different temperatures of 923, 1123, and 1273 K for a duration of 2 h followed by oil cooling. It is found that post‐processing heat treatment has very marginal influence on property anisotropy but reduces yield strength and tensile strength due to the disappearance of the cellular network within the grains, and it significantly enhances the tensile elongation to failure of the steel both along and normal to the LPBF build direction. In addition, the precipitations, such as nanoscale MnS and self‐diffusion of Mo at grain boundaries, increase the susceptibility to localized corrosion of the heat‐treated (HT) samples as compared to the as‐LPBF‐fabricated samples. However, the corrosion resistance of the HT specimens is still comparable to the wrought SS316L counterpart. Microstructural analysis indicates that the post‐heat‐treatment does not cause any phase transformation.

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EIS comparative study and critical Equivalent Electrical Circuit (EEC) analysis of the native oxide layer of additive manufactured and wrought 316L stainless steel

Cited by 90 publications

References 53 publications

Corrosion of Additively Manufactured Stainless Steels—Process, Structure, Performance: A Review

Corrosion of Additively Manufactured Stainless Steels—Process, Structure, Performance: A Review

Wire Arc Deposition Additive Manufacturing and Experimental Study of 316L Stainless Steel by CMT + P Process

Determining the Necessity of Post‐Processing Heat Treatment for the 316L Stainless Steel Manufactured by Laser Powder Bed Fusion through Evaluation of Mechanical and Corrosion Properties

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