El papel de aves no nectarívoras como polinizadoras de Anarthrophyllum desideratum en la estepa patagónica: una aproximación geográfica

Abstract

A�������.The endemic shrub Anarthrophyllum desideratum appears to be the only ornithophilous plant offering nectar as reward in the extensive Patagonian steppe. The identity of its floral visitor assemblage and to what extent this species depends on bird pollination for sexual reproduction is yet unknown. A. desideratum's vast distribution includes climatic gradients, which may promote geographical shifts in its floral visitors. The aims of this study were to determine the species dependence on pollinators to set fruits, to identify its floral visitor assemblages, to document possible geographical and environmental variation of these assemblages across the species range and to assess their temporal constancy. We conducted different pollination treatments in several populations to assess the species breeding system. Floral visitors were identified in 18 populations distributed along the entire species range and their visitation frequencies were quantified over three flowering periods. We found that the species is self-compatible and that floral visitors do not contribute to fruit set in two marginal populations. Fruit set of open pollinated plants significantly differed among populations, which suggests that the species dependence on pollinators varies among sites. Eight species of non-exclusively nectarivorous birds, mostly passerine, were observed visiting flowers arranged in different assemblages across the species range. Population differences in the proportion of visits by the two most abundant bird species remained constant over time. Geographical differences of bird assemblages were not spatially structured and were weakly associated with climate of the flowering period, suggesting that climatic gradients would not be important as drivers of the geographical variation in A. desideratum' floral visitors. Our results indicate that non-exclusively nectarivorous birds visit flowers of A. desideratum, revealing for first time the facultative nectarivory behaviour of these bird species in the Patagonian steppe. The potential role of such bird visitors as pollinators of A. desideratum appears to vary geographically.[Keywords: bird assemblage composition, breeding system, climatic factors, floral visitors, geographical structure, passerines, Phrygilus gayi, Zonotrichia capensis] R������. El papel de aves no nectarívoras como polinizadoras de Anarthrophyllum desideratum en la estepa patagónica: una aproximación geográfica. El arbusto endémico Anarthrophyllum desideratum parece ser la única planta ornitófila que ofrece néctar como recompensa en la extensa estepa patagónica. Aún se desconoce la identidad de su ensamble de visitantes florales y en qué medida esta especie depende de la polinización por aves para la reproducción sexual. La distribución amplia de A. desideratum incluye gradientes climáticos que pueden promover cambios geográficos en sus visitantes florales. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron determinar la dependencia de esta especie de los polinizadores para la producción de frutos, identificar sus ens...