Electric Vehicles: V2G for Rapid, Safe, and Green EV Penetration

Abstract

Low carbon and renewable energy sources (RESs) are fast becoming a key sustainable instrument in meeting the global growth of electricity demand while curbing carbon emissions. For example, the gradual displacement of fossil-fuelled vehicles with electrically driven counterparts will inevitably increase both the power grid baseload and peak demand. In many developed countries, the electrification process of the transport sector has already started in tandem with the installation of multi-GW renewable energy capacity, particularly wind and solar, huge investment in power storage technology, and end-user energy demand management. The expansion of the Electric Vehicle (EV) market presents a new opportunity to create a cleaner and transformative new energy carrier. For instance, a managed EV battery charging and discharging profile in conjunction with the national grid, known as the Vehicle-to-Grid system (V2G), is projected to be an important mechanism in reducing the impact of renewable energy intermittency. This paper presents an extensive literature review of the current status of EVs and allied interface technology with the power grid. The main findings and statistical details are drawn from up-to-date publications highlighting the latest technological advancements, limitations, and potential future market development. The authors believe that electric vehicle technology will bring huge technological innovation to the energy market where the vehicle will serve both as a means of transport and a dynamic energy vector interfacing with the grid (V2G), buildings (V2B), and others (V2X).

Review of Battery Energy Storage Systems Modeling in Microgrids with Renewables Considering Battery Degradation

“…The V2G concept, which presupposes the ability to use electric vehicle battery power as a power system service for power rebalancing and frequency stabilization of the main grid, is becoming more promising due to the high growth rate of the number of electric vehicles. At the same time, most V2G models aim to optimize the use of as much storage capacity as possible without taking into account the degradation of electric vehicle batteries [77,78]. However, the simplified EV charging/discharging mode approach is not economically feasible due to the impact of the extra V2G cycles on battery life [47].…”

Marketing Management in Retail in the Context of the Growing Trend of Electric Vehicles

“…For several years now, retail establishments in western Slovakia have also been involved in the electric vehicle charging industry, in different intensities, in different models and with different motivations. In general, there are the following benefits that retail owners can gain from their electric vehicle charging activities [2], [6].…”

Recovery of Trains’ Braking Energy in a Railway Micro-Grid Devoted to Train plus Electric Vehicle Integrated Mobility

“…Nowadays, climate change is one of the most current and growing interest issues, and it is widely recognised that the transport sector significantly contributes to environmental pollution and the greenhouse gases production [1]. In order to address these issues, all the auto makers are marketing electric vehicles (EVs) which compared to internal combustion engines, provide a higher energy conversion efficiency and a much lower environmental impact, thereby allowing the required transition towards an increasingly sustainable mobility [2,3]. However, the achievement of a truly sustainable mobility needs a change of paradigm, to shift from the current prevailing concept of "individual mobility" to a more widespread use of "collective and shared mobility" in which the cultural stereotype of mostly using owned vehicles should be progressively abandoned.…”