Electrical Conduction Behavior of High-Performance Microcellular Nanocomposites Made of Graphene Nanoplatelet-Filled Polysulfone

Abstract

Graphene nanoplatelet (GnP)-filled polysulfone (PSU) cellular nanocomposites, prepared by two different methods—namely, water vapor-induced phase separation (WVIPS) and supercritical CO2 dissolution (scCO2) foaming—were produced with a range of densities from 0.4 to 0.6 g/cm3 and characterized in terms of their structure and electrical conduction behavior. The GnP content was varied from 0 to 10 wt%. The electrical conductivity values were increased with the amount of GnP for the three different studied foam series. The highest values were found for the microcellular nanocomposites prepared by the WVIPS method, reaching as high as 8.17 × 10−2 S/m for 10 wt% GnP. The variation trend of the electrical conductivity for each series was analyzed by applying both the percolation and the tunneling models. Comparatively, the tunneling model showed a better fitting in the prediction of the electrical conductivity. The preparation technique of the cellular nanocomposite affected the resultant cellular structure of the nanocomposite and, as a result, the porosity or gas volume fraction (Vg). A higher porosity resulted in a higher electrical conductivity, with the lightest foams being prepared by the WVIPS method, showing electrical conductivities two orders of magnitude higher than the equivalent foams prepared by the scCO2 dissolution technique.

Open-Celled Foams of Polyethersulfone/Poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) Blends for Ultrafiltration Applications

“…We focus on manufacturing completely open nanocellular foams, which the previous studies [ 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 41 , 42 , 43 ] did not fully realize. In recent years, the research on polymer foams has shifted towards composites involving graphene and other nanoparticles to deliver highly porous microcellular and nanocellular foams [ 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 ]. However, this is out of the scope of this work, as we focus on obtaining the said foam from the pristine polymers.…”