Electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids in urine

Abstract

The objective of this paper is to study the relevance of electrical conductivity (EC) and total dissolved solids (TDS) in early morning and random samples of urine of urinary stone patients; 2,000 urine samples were studied. The two parameters were correlated with the extent of various urinary concrements. The early morning urine (EMU) and random samples of the patients who attended the urinary stone clinic were analysed routinely. The pH, specific gravity, EC, TDS, redox potential, albumin, sugar and microscopic study of the urinary sediments including red blood cells (RBC), pus cells (PC), crystals, namely calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM), calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD), uric acid (UA), and phosphates and epithelial cells were assessed. The extent of RBC, PC, COM, COD, UA and phosphates was correlated with EC and TDS. The values of EC ranged from 1.1 to 33.9 mS, the mean value being 21.5 mS. TDS ranged from 3,028 to 18,480 ppm, the mean value being 7,012 ppm. The TDS levels corresponded with EC of urine. Both values were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the EMU samples than the random samples. There was a statistically significant correlation between the level of abnormality in the urinary deposits (r = +0.27, P < 0.05). In samples, where the TDS were more than 12,000 ppm, there were more crystals than those samples containing TDS less than 12,000 ppm. However, there were certain urine samples, where the TDS were over 12,000, which did not contain any urinary crystals. It is concluded that the value of TDS has relevance in the process of stone formation.

Clinical utility of urine specific gravity, electrical conductivity, and color as on‐farm methods for evaluating urine concentration in dairy cattle

“…Our results indicated that U EC is a clinically useful method for assessing UC in dairy cattle. The median value for U EC in periparturient dairy cattle was 23.7 mS/cm, which was similar to the mean value for urine from adult humans in India (21.6 mS/cm), 17 and Turkey (25.5 mS/cm), 19 but greater than that reported for children in Turkey (9.1 mS/cm). 18 We found a good association (r s = 0.70) between U EC and U Osm that was consistent with studies in human urine, where correlation coefficients ranged from 0.67 to 0.91.…”

“…15 Urine electrical conductivity is a nonlinear function of the number of electrically charged particles. 16,17 Urine electrical conductivity (U EC ) has been evaluated in several studies as an indirect method for assessing UC in humans. [17][18][19][20] However, the clinical performance of U EC does not appear to have been investigated in ruminant urine.…”

Comparison of Physicochemical Properties of Nano‐ and Microsized Crystals in the Urine of Calcium Oxalate Stone Patients and Control Subjects

“…Urine conductivity depends on the charge and concentration of the charged particles of different sizes in urine [17,18]. Figure 1(b) compares the conductivity changes in different particle sizes between the two types of urinary crystallites.…”

The Inhibitory Effect on the Crystallization of Calcium Oxalate of Taurine and Complex Magnesium Taurate

“…When the precipitation of calcium oxalate appeared, the ions in solution decreased, so the electrical conductivity decreased, while the rate of decline of conductivity changes may reflect the different crystallization conditions [4] . There are some studies on kinetics of formation of calcium oxalate crystal by solution conductivity measurement which is a simple, cheap and not time consuming method [5] . For quick comparison of taurine and taurine Magnesium regulation of calcium oxalate crystal growth, conductivity method also could be applied to this research.…”