Electrical Stimulation of The Dorsal Nerve of the Penis Evokes Reflex Tonic Erections of the Penile Body and Reflex Ejaculatory Responses in the Spinal Rat

Pescatori, Edoardo S.; Calabrò, Antonino; Artibani, Walter; Pagano, Francesco; Triban, C.; Italiano, G.

doi:10.1016/s0022-5347(17)36168-2

Cited by 71 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…[18][19][20][22][23][24] The present study has shown that both the renewal and original SS-cream Ⓡ significantly prolonged the BCRLT 10, 30 and 60 min after the application on glans penis of rabbits, and that BCRAP also has decreasing tendency, al- These two pathways may help in controlling over ejaculatory reflex in patients with PE. 16,17,21,25 In this study，the BCR responses to the electric stimulation at the glans penis of rabbit were found to be affected by application of renewal SS-cream Ⓡ on glans penis, and this methods could serve as a useful aminal model for evaluating ejaculatory dysfunction.…”

Section: -17mentioning

confidence: 74%

Effects of Renewal SS-cream on the Bulbocavernosus Reflex (BCR) in Rabbits

Tian

Jin

et al. 2008

Chonnam Med J

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Renewal SS-cream is a topical agent modified from the original SS-cream which is effective in the treatment of premature ejaculation. In this study, the efficacy of renewal SS-cream on premature ejaculation caused by the bulbocavernosus reflex (BCR) was investigated in rabbits. Sixty male New Zealand white rabbits (weights: 2.5∼3.0 kg) were divided into 3 groups randomly. Either renewal or original SS-cream or placebo (provided by CJ Co. LTD) was topically applied to the glans penis of rabbits in a double-blind manner. The bulbocavernosus reflex (BCR) was elicited by electrical stimulation of the glans penis. The latency of BCR (BCRLT) and the amplitude of BCR (BCRAP) were recorded on an electrophysiograph (Poseidomn, Shanghai, China) before and at 10, 30 and 60 min after application of the test agents. Representative tracings of BCRLT and BCRAP were recorded and analyzed. The mean BCRLT values were significantly prolonged in post-application groups of SS-cream Ⓡ and renewal SS-cream Ⓡ , compared with those in pre-application and placebo groups (p＜0.05). There was no significant difference in efficacy between SS-cream Ⓡ and renewal SS-cream Ⓡ groups (p＞0.05). The mean BCRAP showed decreasing tendency following application of SS-cream Ⓡ and renewal SS-cream Ⓡ ; however, they were not significantly different (p＞0.05). Both of original SS-cream Ⓡ and renewal SS-cream Ⓡ prolonged the BCRLT after their application to the glans penis in rabbits. The results indicate that they have local desensitizing effects on the sensory receptors of the dorsal nerve of the glans penis and may help control the ejaculatory reflex in patients with premature ejaculation.

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Section: -17mentioning

confidence: 74%

Effects of Renewal SS-cream on the Bulbocavernosus Reflex (BCR) in Rabbits

Tian

Jin

et al. 2008

Chonnam Med J

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“…For instance, because the rat pelvic and penile vascular anatomy and neuroanatomy have been carefully described 44,45 and show resemblances to those of humans, further penile erection ®ndings relating to anatomical observations in rats could be associated with human situations. Likewise, functional characterizations in the rat, such as sensory re¯exive properties that subserve sexual responses 46,47 and motor activities of the striated penile muscles that are responsible for penile rigidity, 48 which are also described on the human level 2,49 suggest that related studies in the rat could reveal aspects of human erection physiology. Ultimately, while investigators in this ®eld may select an animal model for study after reconciling certain experimental advantages and disadvantages, they may still contend with questions relating to human relevance.…”

Section: Human Relevance Of Animal Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

General use of animal models for investigation of the physiology of erection

Burnett

2001

Int J Impot Res

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Animals have consistently assumed a major place in the scienti®c developments of erection physiology, and in fact the use of animal models can be claimed to have inaugurated this ®eld as a true scienti®c discipline. The roots of the science of sexual medicine do not coincide with its practice, which conceivably pertains to aphrodisiacs and other sexual stimulants touted as therapies since antiquity. Rather, the beginnings of scienti®c study in the ®eld are ®ttingly identi®ed with the pioneering experimental work of Eckhard, who in 1863 showed the importance of the pelvic nerves for erectile function by performing electrical stimulation of these`nervi erigentes' in the anesthetized dog to elicit penile erection. 1 The understanding that penile erection is displayed under neurophysiological control was con®rmed and re®ned towards the late nineteenth century by the work of several important researchers in the ®eld, including Mu È ller, Bernard, Gaskell, and Langley and Anderson, who applied animal models to show the gross anatomic locations and physiological relevance of nerves coursing from spinal levels to the pelvis for regulation of penile erection: the mostly antagonistic parasympathetic and sympathetic autonomic nerves, and the somatic nerves. 2,3 The impressive methods of electrophysiological experimentation in the mammalian pelvis combined with extirpative lesioning of spinal out¯ow tracts employed by many of these early scientists continue to be applied similarly in modern research studies.Other pre-eminent control systems involved in erection physiology, accepted now as basic tenets of the ®eld, are known substantially from animal experimentation. The physiology of genital blood ow as an essential component of the erectile response was discovered early and established in concert with electrophysiological investigation. Research progress in recent decades has built on observations of the role of the vascular system and taken a major focus towards understanding penile vascular smooth muscle properties and penile hemodynamics. The central nervous system control of penile erection has been explored somewhat less intensively thus far, although early neuropharmacological and lesioning methods have suggested that hypothalamic and limbic pathways exert predominant in¯uences in the erectile response. 2,4,5 Scienti®c study in animals has also supported the erection regulatory basis involving circulating male hormones, evidenced by the fact that androgen loss such as that following castration leads to erectile impairment and, oppositely, androgen replacement promotes recovery of erectile function. 6,7 Role of animal models to study penile erectionThe selection of animal models for study in the ®eld of sexual dysfunction research has undergone an evolutionary process much like the ®eld itself. The relatively large size and thus inherent technical feasibility of certain animals such as dogs and monkeys lent these species as the primary models for in vivo investigation of penile erection until recent times. Thei...

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“…Ces neurones commandent la relaxation des fibres musculaires lisses des cloisons trab6culaires circonscrivant les espaces sinusoides des corps caverneux, et des fibres musculaires lisses de la paroi des art~res vascularisant le tissu 4rectile [1]. [14,15,20]. Des stimulations tactiles de la verge et de la peau p~rin~ale sont ainsi capables de provoquer une activation des neurones pro~rectiles parasympathiques de la moelle sacr~e.…”

Section: Organisation De L'innervation Penienne Assurant La Comman Dunclassified

“…Ces derni~res sont tr~s mal connues au plan neurophysiologique. Les ~rections r~flexes persistent chez l'animal apr~s section compl&e de la moelle au niveau suprasacr~ [11,15,18]. Dans cette situation, le seuil de stimulation lib~rerait le centre sacr~ de l'inhibition supraspinale s'exer~ant sur la boucle r~flexe.…”

Section: Les Differents Types D'erec-tion Donnees Experimentaiesunclassified