“…The effect of substituting Mn by Ga, Ru, Fe, Co, Cr and Ti is well studied. [9][10][11][12][13][14] The physical properties are successfully explained by a doubleexchange (DE) mechanism based on a strong exchange interaction between Mn 4+ and Mn 3+ ions through intervening lled oxygen 2p states. It is believed that the interaction between the pairs of Mn 4+ and Mn 3+ ions is responsible for the electrical properties in these manganese oxides.…”