Electrical, Vibrational, and Cooling Stimuli-Based Redirected Walking: Comparison of Various Vestibular Stimulation-Based Redirected Walking Systems

Expansion of Detection Thresholds for Hand Redirection using Noisy Tendon Electrical Stimulation

“…It is assumed that electrical stimulation functioned as noise to the proprioception, and thus, the perception was integrated in a visually dominant manner as expected. These results correspond with those obtained in prior studies, as noisy stimulation to the vestibular expanded the detection thresholds of RDW [25,36]; however, our results were the first to obtain the detection thresholds of HR with tendon electrical stimulation.…”

“…This study aims to increase the relative dominance of vision by introducing noise to proprioception to expand the detection thresholds for HR. Previous studies have shown that it is possible to increase visual dominance via noisy stimulation, specifically tendon vibration stimulation and galvanic vestibular stimulation [23,25,36]. Although these approaches were found to be effective, they present the limitations described below.…”

“…Matsumoto et al [36] reported that white noise applied to the vestibule by GVS (noisy GVS) makes it difficult to notice changes in trajectory during redirected walking (RDW), a technique wherein the walking trajectory in VR is shifted to enable users to traverse in a large virtual space within a small real space [43]. A recent study has also shown that noisy GVS, boneconduction vibration, and caloric vestibular stimulation expand the detection thresholds for RDW [25]. Other studies have investigated the effect of GVS on the perception of virtual hands.…”