“…Regarding viral infection determination [ 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 ], electrochemical biosensing approaches have been focused mainly on the detection of: - the whole virus such as human enterovirus 71 [ 55 ];
- specific viral proteins (p24 from HIV [ 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 ] and NS1 from Dengue [ 54 ]);
- autoantibodies against specific viral antigens (pseudorabies virus [ 50 ], HIV-1 and HIV-2 [ 51 , 56 ] and hemagglutinin, HA, from avian influenza virus H5N1 [ 52 , 53 ]) and
- characteristic DNA sequences (Dengue virus serotype 3, DENV-3, [ 57 ] and high-risk human papillomavirus, hrHPV, strains HPV-16 and HPV-18 [ 58 ]).
…”