Electrochemical Methods for the Analysis of Milk

Abstract

The milk and dairy industries are some of the most profitable sectors in many countries. This business requires close control of product quality and continuous testing to ensure the safety of the consumers. The potential risk of contaminants or degradation products and undesirable chemicals necessitates the use of fast, reliable detection tools to make immediate production decisions. This review covers studies on the application of electrochemical methods to milk (i.e., voltammetric and amperometric) to quantify different analytes, as reported over the last 10 to 15 years. The review covers a wide range of analytes, including allergens, antioxidants, organic compounds, nitrogen-and aldehyde containing compounds, biochemicals, heavy metals, hydrogen peroxide, nitrite, and endocrine disruptors. The review also examines pretreatment procedures applied to milk samples and the use of novel sensor materials. Final perspectives are provided on the future of cost-effective and easy-to-use electrochemical sensors and their advantages over conventional methods.

Three-dimensional porous high boron-nitrogen-doped carbon for the ultrasensitive electrochemical detection of trace heavy metals in food samples

“…Inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS), and synchrotron radiation X-ray spectrometry (SR-XRF) are commonly applied to analyze trace amounts of heavy metals (Iraji et al, 2012;Zhang et al, 2017). However, these detection methods are too complex for high quantities of samples requiring real-time detection; for example, professional technicians, tedious pre-processing, and expensive equipment cannot meet the requirements of rapid and convenient detection (Motshakeri et al, 2022). Electrochemical detection technology can provide on-site, dynamic, and easy detection of heavy metal ions, and has the possibility to become a promising alternative method in the detection field.…”

On-Demand Portable Paper-Based Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry for High-Sensitivity Analysis of Complex Samples

“…In recent years, food safety has gathered considerable attention owing to the continuous occurrence of food contamination incidents. − Owing to this reason, the present work also explores the potential of PPESI-MS in determining different pesticides in fluidic samples such as milk and orange juice. After investigating the performance of PPESI-MS, it was found that the packed adsorbent type significantly impacted the analysis sensitivity.…”

Recent Advances in Electrochemical Sensing Strategies for Food Allergen Detection

“…Abaci [ 66 ] developed an electrochemical sensor modifying a pencil graphite electrode with graphene oxide (GO) to determine β-lactoglobulin (β-LB). It is well known that β-LB, the main whey protein, causes an allergic reaction in humans and it is one of the main reasons for cow milk allergies [ 64 , 67 , 68 ].…”