Electrochemical Sensing of Favipiravir with an Innovative Water-Dispersible Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Based on the Bimetallic Metal-Organic Framework: Comparison of Morphological Effects

Abstract

Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are widely used as modifiers in electrochemical sensors due to their high sensitivity and promise of inexpensive mass manufacturing. Here, we propose and demonstrate a novel MIP-sensor that can measure the electrochemical activity of favipiravir (FAV) as an antiviral drug, thereby enabling quantification of the concentration of FAV in biological and river water samples and in real-time. MOF nanoparticles’ application with various shapes to determine FAV at nanomolar concentrations was described. Two different MOF nanoparticle shapes (dodecahedron and sheets) were systematically compared to evaluate the electrochemical performance of FAV. After carefully examining two different morphologies of MIP-Co-Ni@MOF, the nanosheet form showed a higher performance and efficiency than the nanododecahedron. When MIP-Co/Ni@MOF-based and NIP-Co/Ni@MOF electrodes (nanosheets) were used instead, the minimum target concentrations detected were 7.5 × 10−11 (MIP-Co-Ni@MOF) and 8.17 × 10−9 M (NIP-Co-Ni@MOF), respectively. This is a significant improvement (>102), which is assigned to the large active surface area and high fraction of surface atoms, increasing the amount of greater analyte adsorption during binding. Therefore, water-dispersible MIP-Co-Ni@MOF nanosheets were successfully applied for trace-level determination of FAV in biological and water samples. Our findings seem to provide useful guidance in the molecularly imprinted polymer design of MOF-based materials to help establish quantitative rules in designing MOF-based sensors for point of care (POC) systems.

Synergistic effect of gold nanoparticles anchored on conductive carbon black as an efficient electrochemical sensor for sensitive detection of anti-COVID-19 drug Favipiravir in absence and presence of co-administered drug Paracetamol

“…Therefore, a selective and sensitive sensor is required to determine FVP in pharmaceutical and biological samples such as urine and plasma. As a practical alternative strategy, the electrochemical analysis methods have the advantages of simple fabrication, convenient operation, fast response, cost effectiveness, and remarkable sensitivity [10] , [11] , [12] , [13] , [14] , [15] , [16] . However, the electrochemical methods also suffer from a high selectivity in detecting analytes.…”

Recent trends in nanostructured carbon-based electrochemical sensors for the detection and remediation of persistent toxic substances in real-time analysis

“…The research society has paid close focus to 2D materials due to their distinctive physical and chemical properties, along with black phosphorus (BP), graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), transition metal carbides, layered double hydroxides (LDHs) and nitrides (MXenes) [99][100][101][102][103]. Following its first finding by Yury Gogotsi in 2011, MXenes have sparked a significant scientific uptick in respect of manufacturing and applicability.…”

PdPtRu trimetallic nanozymes and application to electrochemical immunosensor for sensitive SARS-COV-2 antigen detection

“…Electrochemical biosensor has presented great application potential in the field of rapid diagnositic tests [ [11] , [12] , [13] , [14] , [15] ]. Due to the characterestics of simplicity, sensitivity, portability and ease of operation, electrochemical biosensor is considered as potential technique to develop more sensitive detection methods for SARS-CoV-2 antigen [ 16 ].…”