“…2,3 The traditional classication methods including manual sorting, X-ray-based, electromagnetic and intelligent image recognition are limited in the steel industry due to their shortcomings such as being timeconsuming and complex. [4][5][6][7] Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a promising element analysis method. With the characteristics of rapidity, easy sample pretreatment, and in situ and real-time analysis, [8][9][10][11] LIBS has been widely used in the eld of qualitative and quantitative analysis of steel samples.…”