Electrokinetic and Hemostatic Profiles of Nonwoven Cellulosic/Synthetic Fiber Blends with Unbleached Cotton

Abstract

Greige cotton contains waxes and pectin on the outer surface of the fiber that are removed when bleached, but these components present potential wound dressing functionality. Cotton nonwovens blended with hydrophobic and hydrophilic fibers including viscose, polyester, and polypropylene were assessed for clotting activity with thromboelastography (TEG) and thrombin production. Clotting was evaluated based on TEG measurements: R (time to initiation of clot formation), K (time from end of R to a 20 mm clot), α (rate of clot formation according to the angle tangent to the curve as K is reached), and MA (clot strength). TEG values correlate to material surface polarity as measured with electrokinetic parameters (ζplateau, Δζ and swell ratio). The material surface polarity (ζplateau) varied from −22 to −61 mV. K values and thrombin concentrations were found to be inversely proportional to ζplateau with an increase in material hydrophobicity. An increase in the swell ratios of the materials correlated with decreased K values suggesting that clotting rates following fibrin formation increase with increasing material surface area due to swelling. Clot strength (MA) also increased with material hydrophobicity. Structure/function implications from the observed clotting physiology induced by the materials are discussed.

In vitro evaluation of the hyaluronic acid/alginate composite powder for topical haemostasis and wound healing

“…Stucky et al investigated the role of metal oxide surface charge in mediating haemostasis and suggested that more negatively charged metal oxides were associated with faster coagulation rate and stronger clotting strength than more positively charged ones . Similar results of negatively charged surface‐enhanced clotting rate and clot strength in cellulose/cotton non‐woven fibres were also demonstrated by Edwards and colleagues . Additionally, the extraordinary water adsorption capacity of RC could also contribute to the rapid blood clotting because the presence of concentrated coagulation factors might promote the occurrence of contact activation of coagulation.…”

“…33 Similar results of negatively charged surface-enhanced clotting rate and clot strength in cellulose/cotton non-woven fibres were also demonstrated by Edwards and colleagues. 34 Additionally, the extraordinary water adsorption capacity of RC could also contribute to the rapid blood clotting because the presence of concentrated coagulation factors might promote the occurrence of contact activation of coagulation. Thus, it is postulated that the remarkable haemostatic activity of RC might be attributed to the synergetic effects of instant water adsorption and negatively charged surface nature.…”

Biomaterials and Advanced Technologies for Hemostatic Management of Bleeding

“…The cotton gauze or pad, when directly placed over a bleeding injury, may provide high blood absorption, partial hemostatic reaction (thrombin generation via contact pathway), and additional tamponade effect with adjunctive compression components, but they can adhere to the wound tissue which may be an issue during their subsequent removal. Nonetheless, in recent years interesting research is being focused on modulating the hemostatic characteristics of cotton dressings and gauze by modifying them with other hemostatic or strengthening materials like kaolin mineral, chitosan, viscose, rayon, etc . OC derived from cotton and oxidized regenerated cellulose (ORC) derived usually from wood pulp, refer to manipulation of the cellulose structure where primary and secondary alcohol moieties are oxidatively converted to aldehyde, ketone, or carboxyl groups, which significantly changes the physico‐chemical and mechanical properties of OC and ORC compared to native cellulose .…”

Development of an electrospun biomimetic polyurea scaffold suitable for vascular grafting

“…Activation of plasma factors is a critical variable to study while evaluating the hemocompatibility of biomaterials. Bovine plasma has been used to study blood coagulation due to contact activation because of its similarity to human plasma, availability and cost . The assays used in this study measure the time for clotting based on the activation of certain plasma factors, while coming in contact with a foreign material, involved in the clot formation via intrinsic and extrinsic pathways .…”

“…Bovine plasma has been used to study blood coagulation due to contact activation because of its similarity to human plasma, availability and cost. [55][56][57][58] The assays used in this study measure the time for clotting based on the activation of certain plasma factors, while coming in contact with a foreign material, involved in the clot formation via intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. 59,60 APTT measures the clotting time of recalcified citrated plasma upon addition of plasma thromboplastin as a phospholipid suspension and an activator such as kaolin.…”