Electrolytic separation factors on palladium

Possible theories of cold fusion

“…Although this conclusion is really in the nature of a deduction setting the scenario for the system, we believe that this deduction is so immediate that the description of the dissolved protons and deuterons as classical oscillators can really be classified as a basic property of the system. We note here also that the separation factors for the discharge reaction are also so high that they require the assumption of an «unbound» transition state [3]. We comment further on the interpretation of this observation in sect.…”

“…We recall here that the theoretical analysis based on the superradiant behaviour of the deuteron and d-electron plasmas [14,15] explicitly violates asymptotic freedom and provides estimates of the rates of 4 He (in excess heat), 3 T and n-production which are in reasonable agreement with the known phenomenology. In particular, the production of 4 He unaccompanied by high-energy γ-rays [68] demands a very fast (~10 -21 s) transfer of energy to the electrons of the lattice that will then relax in various ways: heat and electromagnetic radiation in a broad range of frequencies including soft X-rays.…”

“…In the preliminary paper on the subject which has become known as «cold fusion», we pointed out that it was the strange behaviour of hydrogen and its isotopes dissolved in metal lattices [1][2][3][4][5][6] which led us to pose the question whether it might be possible to induce nuclear reactions of deuterium by electrochemical compression into host lattices such as palladium [7][8][9]. The evidence which has been accumulated during the past two years has confirmed the initial observations that this is indeed possible and that the processes differ remarkably from the fusion paths of high-energy deuterons in the gas phase, e.g.…”

“…An observation which had an important influence on the decision to initiate work on «cold fusion» was the measurement of very high equilibrium H/D separation factors for hydrogen and deuterium dissolution into palladium cathodes at high negative overpotentials [3]. The interpretation of these high separation factors requires the assumption that the species behave as classical oscillators in the lattice, i.e.…”

Nuclear Project: Preliminar Study of the Hydrogen Flux in Palladium Film under Electric Field

“…It has been well established that hydrogen can be loaded in the palladium lattice even above the loading ratio x≈ 0.8 (atoms of hydrogen per atom of Pd). Palladium hydride shows many interesting features, most of them not explained yet, among the others it is worthwhile to underline the following:  The dissolved hydrogens get ionized when entering into the lattice [3]  The Pd-H system shows a complex phase diagram: at very low concentration x ≤ 0.05 (phase) hydrogen is in gaslike situation within the lattice; increasing the concentration small island of a different phase appear (phase) where hydrogen ions are confined in the octahedral sites of Pd, the copressure and temperature in the range 0.05≤ x ≤ 0.6; at higher concentration a new phase appears (phase) where ions occupy the tetrahedral position of the lattice [4]  There is the electrochemical evidence that, at high values of x, ions perform wide oscillations in an almost unbounded state in Pd lattice [5] and that the diffusion coefficient D of the hydrogen isotopes in Pd is D(d+)>D(h+)>D(t+) at the contrary of what expected [6]. Since d+ is a boson whereas h+ and t+ are fermions, the above result hints at the existence of some sort of collective behavior.…”