Electron flow to photosystem I from stromal reductants in vivo: the size of the pool of stromal reductants controls the rate of electron donation to both rapidly and slowly reducing photosystem I units

Abstract

Electron donation from stromal reductants to photosystem I (PSI) was studied using the kinetics of P700(+) (the oxidized primary donor of PSI) reduction in the dark after irradiation of barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) leaves. The leaves were treated with diuron and methyl viologen to abolish both the electron flow from PSII and PSI-driven cyclic electron transport. The redox state of P700 was monitored using the absorbance changes at 830 nm (Delta A(830)). Two exponentially decaying components with half-times of about 3 s (the slow component) and about 0.6 s (the fast one) were distinguished in the kinetic curves of Delta A(830) relaxation after a 1-s pulse of far-red light. The complex kinetics of P700(+) reduction thus manifested two types of PSI unit differing in the rate of electron input from stromal reductants. The rates of both kinetic components assayed after 1-s pulses were increased about 20-fold by a short (2-5 min) heat-pretreatment of leaves, indicating the accelerated input of electrons to both types of PSI unit. The increased rates of electron flow to P700(+) were even observed 1.5 h after the action of heat had been completed. Both kinetic components were dramatically slowed down upon irradiation of heat-treated leaves for 20-30 s. Their rates were restored after a short (20-30 s) period of darkness. A 5-min leaf exposure at 38 degrees C was sufficient to stimulate by severalfold the reduction of P700(+) pre-oxidized by a brief light pulse. In contrast, the acceleration of P700(+) reduction after a 1-min irradiation was observed only if leaves were subjected to temperatures above 40 degrees C. Neither heat treatment of leaves nor light-dark modulations in the rates of the fast and the slow components of P700(+) dark reduction influenced the relative magnitudes of the two kinetic components, providing strong additional evidence in favor of two distinct types of PSI existing per se in barley leaves. The key role in the control of the activity of electron donation to P700(+) in both rapidly and slowly reducing PSI units was attributed to the amount of stromal reductants available for P700(+) reduction. The latter was expected to be reduced under illumination in the presence of methyl viologen, while increased again in the dark. The regeneration of the pool of stromal reductants in the dark was likely provided by starch breakdown within the chloroplast stroma, but not by import of reducing equivalents from the cytosol. This was evidenced by much lower rates, compared with 1-h dark-adapted leaves, of dark reduction of both components of P700(+) in leaves stored for 24 h in the dark and thus depleted of starch but containing large amounts of glucose, the respiratory substrate.

Enhanced rates of P700 + dark-reduction in leaves of Cucumis sativus L. photoinhibited at chilling temperature

“…This further extends the data previously reported for barley leaves that experienced heat stress (Bukhov et al 2002). However, in contrast to barley leaves, there is no good indication for the presence of functional heterogeneity in PSI units with respect to the donation of electrons to P700 + from stromal reductants in control, untreated cucumber leaves.…”

“…In each panel, the magnitude of absorbance changes was normalized to their maximum magnitude component in P700 + reduction in the dark with halftimes of about 500, 1,000, and 1,200 ms for potato, cucumber, and tobacco leaves, respectively (Havaux 1996;Kim et al 2001;Joe¨t et al 2002). Figure 4 provides strong evidence for the operation of two reactions in the reduction of P700 + from a source(s) alternative to PSII, as shown in intact barley leaves that experienced heat stress (Bukhov et al 2002). In addition, these two components had similar magnitudes, but differed in halftimes.…”

“…In higher-plant chloroplasts, the kinetics of P700 + re-reduction after continuous white light irradiation is monoexponential with characteristic half-times of 6-12 ms (Harbinson and Hedley 1989;Laisk and Oja 1998). The speed of P700 + re-reduction following FR irradiation is controlled by the relative amounts of reductants generated from PSI cyclic electron transport (Kim et al 2001), charge recombination in PSI as a result of progressive damage to its acceptor side (Sonoike et al 1995;Teicher et al 2000), and the pool size of stromal reductants (Bukhov et al 2002).…”

“…In fact, a functional heterogeneity of PSI reaction centers was ascribed to their ability to receive electrons from stromal reductants (Bukhov et al 2001b). Furthermore, it was shown that the size of the pool of stromal reductant(s), as determined by P700 + reduction kinetics in the dark after far-red (FR) illumination, plays a pivotal role in regulating the rate of electron donation to rapidly and slowly reducing PSI centers (Bukhov et al 2002). However, our present knowledge of the function of alternative electron flow through the intersystem chain does not indicate whether this mechanism is unique to specific conditions.…”

Interaction between Starch Breakdown, Acetate Assimilation, and Photosynthetic Cyclic Electron Flow in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

“…The regeneration of reductants in the chloroplast is more active in algae (this work, Fig. 2A, pink line or in Chlorella, data not shown) than in plants (barley (43), maize (44), spinach (data not shown) and Arabidopsis, this work, Fig. 2B, black solid line).…”