Electrospray High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry in Phytochemical Analysis of Kava (<i>Piper methysticum</i>) Extract

He, Xiaoxiao; Lin, Long-Ze; Lian, Li-zhi

doi:10.1055/s-2006-957608

Cited by 54 publications

(46 citation statements)

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“…As described earlier, Johnson et al (23) studied the metabolism of kava extracts by rat and human liver microsomes resulting in the identification of four metabolites, kawain 11,7, kawain 11,and 7,). The glucuronic acid and sulfate conjugates of kawain 11,12-hydroquinone and 7,8-dihydrokawain 11,12-hydroquinone were also detected from a human volunteer who took a single dose of a kava-containing dietary supplement (23).…”

Section: Formation Of Activated Metabolitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fresh kava rootstock contains about 80% water. Dried rootstock consists of about 43% starch, 20% fibers, 12% water, 3-4% proteins, 3% sugars, 3% minerals, and kavalactones, which range between 3 to 20%, depending on the age of the plant and the cultivar (11). The active principles of kava rootstock are mostly contained in the lipid-soluble resin (6).…”

Section: Chemical Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Toxicity of Kava Kava

Xia

Guo

et al. 2008

Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C

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Kava is a traditional beverage of various Pacific Basin countries. Kava has been introduced into the mainstream U.S. market principally as an anti-anxiety preparation. The effects of the long-term consumption of kava have not been documented adequately. Preliminary studies suggest possible serious organ system effects. The potential carcinogenicity of kava and its principal constituents are unknown. As such, kava extract was nominated for the chronic tumorigenicity bioassay conducted by the National Toxicology Program (NTP). At present toxicological evaluation of kava extract is being conducted by the NTP. The present review focuses on the recent findings on kava toxicity and the mechanisms by which kava induces hepatotoxicity. KeywordsKava; anti-anxiety herbal beverage; top-selling botanical; hepatotoxicity; metabolism; mechanism Kava, prepared from the rhizome of the kava tropical shrub plant, Piper methysticum Forst F., is a traditional beverage used for many centuries, especially at ceremonial activities in the South Pacific (1-6). During recent years, kava has been used in Europe for treatment of anxiety and nervous disorders such as stress and restlessness, and in the United States as a natural alternative to anti-anxiety drugs and sleeping pills (6). Kava sales totaled more than $ 100 million in 1998, being the fifth leading seller of the North American botanicals (7).The association between the use of kava products and hepatotoxicity has prompted many countries, including Germany, Switzerland, France, Canada, and the United Kingdom, to take regulatory actions, ranging from warning consumers to removing kava-containing products from the marketplace. On March 25, 2002, the Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued a Consumer Advisory entitled "Kava-containing dietary supplements may be associated with severe liver injury" to the public (8, 9). Kava-containing products remain popular in the United States and continue to be sold in health food stores and ethnic markets regardless of the fact that it Address correspondence to Peter P. Fu, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR 72079. peter.fu@fda.hhs.gov; chanp@niehs.nih.gov. HHS Public Access Author Manuscript Author ManuscriptAuthor ManuscriptAuthor Manuscript was banned in Germany, France, Switzerland, Australia, and Canada (10). In this review, human exposure and metabolism of kava are briefly addressed, recent findings on the toxicity of kava are reported, and possible mechanisms by which kava induces toxicity are described. CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONThe kava plant, belonging to the Piperacae family, is widely cultivated in the South Pacific.Kava is cultivated for its rootstock. Depending upon the amount of kavalactones contained in the resin, the rootstock shows different color, varying from white to dark yellow (2,5,6). Fresh kava rootstock contains about 80% water. Dried rootstock consists of about 43% starch, 20% fibers, 12% water, 3-4% proteins, 3% sugars, 3% minerals, ...

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Section: Formation Of Activated Metabolitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Chemical Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicity of Kava Kava

Xia

Guo

et al. 2008

Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C

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“…To date, 18 kavalactones have been identified, among these, six major kavalactones constitute approximately 95% of the lipid extract derived from the dried roots and rhizomes; these are kavain, dihydrokavain, methysticin, dihydromethysticin, yangonin, and desmethoxyyangonin. Figure 1 shows kavain's chemical structure, its molecular formula is C14H14O3, and molecular weight is 230 [14][15][16] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of kavain on hepatic ultrastructure

Fu¹,

Korkmaz²,

Braet³

et al. 2008

WJG

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AIM:To investigate whether the major kavalactone k a v a i n i m p o s e s a d v e r s e e f f e c t s o n t h e l i v e r ultrastructure and function by affecting vascular and microvascular architecture and altering hepatocellular morphology. METHODS:Kavain solution (10 µg/mL or 43.5 µmol/L) was perfused for 2 h in isolated rat livers. After standard fixation and tissue preparation, the samples were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and light microscopy (LM).RESULTS: LM, SEM, and TEM examinations indicated kavain-treated rat livers (n = 4) displayed severe vascular and endothelial damage compared to control livers (n = 4). CONCLUSION:The data so far support the hypothesis that kavain induces adverse effects on liver; additional investigations with other kavalactones and their effects on liver are urgently needed.

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“…Additional 7,8-dihydrokavain, 7,8-dihydromethysticin and tetrahydroyangonin could be identified by GC/TOF-MS according to the literature data [14,20]. A better separation between methysticin and 7,8-dihydromethysticin was also observed (Table II).…”

Section: Gc/tof-msmentioning

confidence: 70%

“…Fifteen lactones have been isolated from kava roots [17][18][19][20][21]; ten of these have been defined as major components of kava and were fully identified (kavain, 5,6-dehydrokavain, 7,8-dihydrokavain, methysticin, 5,6-dehydromethysticin, 7,8-dihydromethysticin, yangonin, 5,6-dihydroyangonin, 7,8-dihydroyangonin and tetrahydroyangonin). Five other compounds are minor compounds in the root stock (5α-hydroxykavain, 12-methoxyyangonin, 12-hydroxyyangonin, 12-methoxy-11-hydroxy-5,6-dehydrokavain and 13-methoxyyangonin: Figures 1A and 1B).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chromatographic hair analysis for natural kavalactones and their metabolites. A preliminary study

Tarbah¹,

Barguil

Müller

et al. 2013

Ann Toxicol Anal

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-Purpose: Kava is a traditional Pacific beverage made from the root of Piper methysticum. It is mainly used for its sedative properties due to lipophilic lactones called kavalactones. Kava action mechanisms include cell membrane stabilisation, inhibition of intracellular Ca 2+ increase and enzyme inactivation. Chronic or heavy consumption of kava is responsible for the skin taking on a scaly aspect. Biologically, an isolated increase in serum gamma-glutamyltransferase is noted. "Kava bars" or "nakamals" are numerous in the Pacific. In northern Australia, the use of kava is regulated in order to fight against the abuse of this drink. In metropolitan France, we note the presence of some kava bars in several cities. In New Caledonia, in ten years (December 2002-May 2013, we identified twenty-six cases where kavalactones were found in the blood of perpetrators or victims of fatal accidents (resulting in nineteen deaths and twenty-one people seriously injured), suicides and attacks. In addition, in nine cases of sudden unexplained deaths, significant concentrations of kavalactones were found in the blood of the victims. These figures, however, are understated as toxicological screening was not done systematically. As all toxicological laboratories are not identically equipped, we developed three simple and sensitive methods for the determination of kavalactones in human hair using HPLC-DAD, LC-MS/MS and GC/TOF-MS. Methods: Hair samples were collected from nine people of different origins (Caucasian, Melanesian, Indonesian and African). Kava consumption varied among these people (from a single oral dose of a medication sold on the internet, to a daily intake of several units of the kava beverage). Results: Using HPLC-DAD, the concentrations of kavalactones in human hair samples ranged between 0.2 and 25 ng/mg for kavain, 0.5 and 34 ng/mg for 7,8-dihydrokavain, 0.7 and 8 ng/mg for yangonin, 1 and 14 ng/mg for 5,6-dehydrokavain (=desmethyoxyyango-nin) and 0.9 and 6 ng/mg for the metabolite 12-hydroxy-5,6-dehydrokavain. Methysticin, 7,8-dihydromethysticin and the metabolite 11-hydroxy-5,6-dehydrokavain were detected but not quantified. Additionally, 12-hydroxykavain and 12-hydroxy-7,8-dihydrokavain were detected by LC-MS/MS in one case. General screening for other drugs as well as confirmation of the HPLC-DAD results was performed by GC/TOF-MS. Conclusions: The results of this pilot study indicate that kavalactones (kavain, 7,8-dihydrokavain, methysticin, 7,8-dihydromethysticin, 5,6-dehydrokavain (=desmethyoxyyangonin) and yangonin) accumulate in the keratin matrix of hair and can provide an easily applicable system for assessing chronic consumption of kava. This preliminary study must continue on a larger number of subjects using GC/TOF-MS and LC-MS/MS in order to conduct a comparative analysis among the three methods. Internet, à l'absorption quotidienne de plusieurs unités de boisson kava). Résultats : Déterminées par HPLC-DAD, les concentrations de kavalactones dans des échantillons de cheveux variaient de...

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Electrospray High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry in Phytochemical Analysis of Kava (Piper methysticum) Extract

Cited by 54 publications

References 3 publications

Toxicity of Kava Kava

Toxicity of Kava Kava

Influence of kavain on hepatic ultrastructure

Chromatographic hair analysis for natural kavalactones and their metabolites. A preliminary study

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