Electrowetting and electrowetting-on-dielectric for microscale liquid handling

Lee, Junghoon; Moon, Hyejin; Fowler, Jesse D.; Schoellhammer, Thomas; Kim, Chang‐Jin

doi:10.1016/s0924-4247(01)00734-8

Cited by 598 publications

(487 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Numerical solutions of Maxwell's equations used in Figs. 4,5,7,8,9,10,11,12, and 13 are carried out as follows. Poisson's equation are phrased in cylindrical coordinates with an assumed rotational symmetry about the z axis: ٌ 2 (r,␣,z)ϭ‫ץ‬ 2 /‫ץ‬r 2 ϩ1/r‫ץ‬ /‫ץ‬rϩ‫ץ‬ 2 /‫ץ‬z 2 .…”

Section: Appendix A: Mathematical Detailsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] In practice, electro-wetting-based actuation of aqueous solutions is limited by the onset of current flow through the substrate and the solution, which leads to chemical oxidation, the reduction of solutes, and to electrolysis ͑bubble formation͒. It has recently been demonstrated that fluid actuation can be achieved without electrolysis by coating the conductor or semiconductor substrate with a dielectric.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has recently been demonstrated that fluid actuation can be achieved without electrolysis by coating the conductor or semiconductor substrate with a dielectric. 1,3,6,10 The dielectric serves both to block the electron transfer and to provide a hydrophobic surface that enables large changes in contact angle. This electro-wetting-ondielectric ͑EWOD͒ driven actuation has been used to create droplets from reservoirs, as well as to cut, join, and mix drops on planar surfaces or in channels.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This electro-wetting-ondielectric ͑EWOD͒ driven actuation has been used to create droplets from reservoirs, as well as to cut, join, and mix drops on planar surfaces or in channels. 3,10 Applications of EWOD include microfluidics and biofluidic sensors and devices.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Equilibrium behavior of sessile drops under surface tension, applied external fields, and material variations

Shapiro

Moon

Garrell

et al. 2003

Journal of Applied Physics

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204

183

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This article describes the equilibrium shape of a liquid drop under applied fields such as gravity and electrical fields, taking into account material properties such as dielectric constants, resistivities, and surface tension coefficients. The analysis is based on an energy minimization framework. A rigorous and exact link is provided between the energy function corresponding to any given physical phenomena, and the resulting shape and size dependent force term in Young's equation. In particular, the framework shows that a physical effect, such as capacitive energy storage in the liquid, will lead to 1/R ''line-tension''-type terms if and only if the energy of the effect is proportional to the radius of the liquid drop: EϰR. The effect of applied electric fields on shape change is analyzed. It is shown that a dielectric solid and a perfectly conducting liquid are all that is needed to exactly recover the Young-Lippmann equation. A dielectric liquid on a conducting solid gives rise to line tension terms. Finally, a slightly resistive liquid on top of a dielectric, highly resistive solid gives rise to contact angle saturation and accurately matches the experimental data that we observe in our electro-wetting-on-dielectric devices.

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Section: Appendix A: Mathematical Detailsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Equilibrium behavior of sessile drops under surface tension, applied external fields, and material variations

Shapiro

Moon

Garrell

et al. 2003

Journal of Applied Physics

Self Cite

204

183

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show abstract

“…Since the sidewalls of channels are not necessary, an EWOD chip can be open to air, as first demonstrated by Lee et al [13]. The open-to-air configuration enables rapid drying, evaporation, and solvent exchange; these are critical steps for no-carrier-added fluorination reactions, which are water-sensitive but begin with [ 18 F]fluoride ion obtained in [ 18 O]-enriched water from a cyclotron [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Radiolabelling diverse positron emission tomography (PET) tracers using a single digital microfluidic reactor chip

et al. 2014

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Electrowetting Effect: Theory, Modeling, and Applications

Crane

2015

Wiley Encyclopedia of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

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Electrowetting is a phenomenon in which an electric field at a fluid interface changes the equilibrium interface position. This is generally observed as a quadratic relationship between the applied voltage and the change in the cosine of the apparent contact angle. While the phenomena were first observed more than 100 years ago, until recently, applications were limited by poor reliability. The application of modern materials and manufacturing methods has enabled the fabrication of a wide range of devices that show excellent repeatability. Applications range from focusing lenses to miniature biomedical diagnostics and optical displays. The article reviews the basic electrowetting phenomena, the characteristics of key configurations, and key materials issues in fabricating reliable electrowetting devices. Some practical applications and modeling approaches of the electrowetting phenomena are also reviewed.

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Electrowetting and electrowetting-on-dielectric for microscale liquid handling

Cited by 598 publications

References 11 publications

Equilibrium behavior of sessile drops under surface tension, applied external fields, and material variations

Equilibrium behavior of sessile drops under surface tension, applied external fields, and material variations

Radiolabelling diverse positron emission tomography (PET) tracers using a single digital microfluidic reactor chip

Electrowetting Effect: Theory, Modeling, and Applications

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