Element Contents and Organic Matter−Element Relationship of the Tertiary Oil Shale Deposits in Northwest Anatolia, Turkey

Abstract

Major-element and trace-element content of oil shales in northwest Anatolia and their enrichment with respect to average shale have been investigated as well as the relationship between the total organic carbon (TOC) and different elements and the correlation between the different fields. The trace-element contents of the oil shales are generally similar, although the concentrations of some elements, such as As, B, Ba, Cr, Hg, Mo, Ni, and V, show a few differences. The contents of Ag, Au, B, Ba, Hg, Pb, Sb, Sn, Th, V, and Zn in the oil shales are lower than those of average shale. Only the Re concentration in all of the fields studied is greater than that in average shale. On the basis of the low-enrichment factors (<1) calculated for the trace elements, depletion of As, B, Ba, Cr, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sn, and Th in the Bahçecik field, Hg and Sn in the Gölpazarı field, and Sb in the Himmetoğlu field has been detected with respect to the average shale. Re shows the largest trace-element enrichment in all of the fields. In comparison to other elements, As, Mo, Ni, Se, Sr, U, Co, and Cr have higher enrichment values. The largest element enrichments have been generally observed in the Beypazarı and Seyitömer fields, whereas the lowest enrichments are typical of the Bahçecik field. Regarding the correlations between the elements and TOC, positive correlations with TOC at a significance level of p ≤ 0.05 or p ≤ 0.01 have been obtained as follows: Se in five fields, Cd in four fields, U in three fields, Th, Mo, Cu, Co, S, and Re in two fields, and Sb, P, Ca, K, Hg, Fe, and Zn in one of the fields. On the basis of the results from cluster analysis Se, U, and Mo in four fields, Th and Re in three fields, P and Ba in two fields, and Cd, K, V, Sr, Ca, Mn, Mg, B, and Ti in one of the fields comprise a group with TOC.

Heavy Metals in Colorado and Chinese Oil Shale Semicoke: Disposal Issues, Impediments to Byproduct Conversion

“…XRF data are presented in Table as ppm of each metal per oil shale sample with its 95% confidence interval. Our XRF results show heavy metal content similar to six Turkish oil shale samples analyzed by Kara-Gulbay and Korkmaz . For example, Kara-Gulbay and Korkmaz find zinc levels in shales ranging from 0.10 to 95 ppm; we find LOD to 104 ppm.…”

“…Our XRF results show heavy metal content similar to six Turkish oil shale samples Energy & Fuels ARTICLE analyzed by Kara-Gulbay and Korkmaz. 13 For example, Kara-Gulbay and Korkmaz find zinc levels in shales ranging from 0.10 to 95 ppm; we find LOD to 104 ppm. We find no detectable silver in our samples; they detect no more than 70 parts per billion (ppb) (below the LOD of the XRF).…”

Depositional age, provenance, and palaeoenvironment of the Lower Permian mudstones in the Qiangtang Basin, Tibet: Evidence from geochronology and geochemistry

“…V, U, Cr, and Ni are easily enriched in anoxic or near‐anoxic water columns, while Mo is enriched in euxinic environments (Algeo & Maynard, 2004; Tribovillard et al, 2006), which have relatively high EF values. The degree of enrichment of these elements has been widely used for the discrimination of redox conditions (Cao et al, 2018; Kara‐Gülbay & Korkmaz, 2008; Kimura & Watanabe, 2001; Lezin et al, 2013; Wang et al, 2021; Zeng et al, 2015). The V and Mo abundances in the studied samples show weak correlations with Al 2 O 3 content ( R = 0.34 and 0.38, respectively; n = 31; Table S3), indicating that V and Mo are not controlled by terrestrial materials.…”

Mechanism of Organic Matter Accumulation in Residual Bay Environments: The Early Cretaceous Qiangtang Basin, Tibet

“…This conclusion was obtained based on marine shale samples. Later this has also been successfully used in lacustrine − and carbonate settings. , Thus, it seems that these elements would behave with eligible differences in their availability in marine and lacustrine systems. In this study, the EF values of U, V, and Ni in all the black rock series samples reflect their enriched status (Table S3, Figure b), and the EF values of the shale samples and micritic limestone samples are higher than those of the marl samples, implying that the sedimentary environments were relatively reducing.…”