Elevated CO2 concentration induces changes in plant growth, transcriptome, and antioxidant activity in fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.)

Abstract

IntroductionFennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) is widely used to produce natural bio-materials. Elevated CO2 (eCO2) concentrations in the atmosphere improve the net photosynthesis of plants.MethodsThe aim of the present study was to investigate distinct changes in fennel growth characteristics and phytonutrient contents under different CO2 concentrations. The effects of 400 and 800 ppm concentrations on plant growth and antioxidant activity were observed under hydroponics.Results and DiscussionPlant growth was improved by eCO2 concentrations. We also observed diverse changes in nutrient solution (pH, electrical conductivity, and dissolved oxygen) and environmental factors (temperature and humidity) in greenhouse under light or dark conditions. Electrical conductivity increased under dark and eCO2 conditions, whereas the pH decreased. Additionally, we performed transcriptome analysis and identified CO2-responsive differentially expressed genes. In the 800 ppm group, genes involved in photosynthesis and Karrikin response were upregulated whereas those involved in syncytium formation were downregulated. Four upregulated differentially expressed genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis and total flavonoid content were relatively increased under the 800 ppm CO2 condition. In contrast, antioxidant activity, including total phenolic content, scavenging activity, ferric ion reducing antioxidant power, and reducing power were decreased in fennel under relatively high eCO2 concentrations. Moreover, different light intensities of 12 or 24 lx did not affect the growth and antioxidant activity of fennel, suggesting eCO2 has a stronger effect on plant improvement than light intensity. The results of the present study enhance our understanding of the positive effects of CO2 on the growth and antioxidant activity of fennel.

Effects of Hanwoo (Korean cattle) manure as organic fertilizer on plant growth, feed quality, and soil bacterial community

“…The top part of forage maize was used to evaluate the antioxidant activities of plants in the different fertilizer-treated groups. The total phenol and flavonoid contents, nitrate-scavenging activities, reducing power, and ABTS were determined as described previously ( Jo et al., 2022 ). All measurements were performed in triplicate.…”

The Impact of Increased CO2 and Drought Stress on the Secondary Metabolites of Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) and Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata)

“…Plants can keep their photosynthetic rates high while maintaining a relatively low level of stomatal conductance even when CO 2 concentrations rise [10,11]. Previous studies showed that flavonoid content increases under elevated carbon dioxide conditions, while antioxidant activity, including total phenolic content, decreases [9,12].…”

Effects of filtered liquid fertilizer and compost tea derived from livestock waste on growth of plants, antioxidants, and anti-inflammatory for Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L.)

“…총 플라보 노이드 함량(TFC)을 분석하기 위하여 케르세틴(Quercetin, Sigma-Aldrich, ) 510 nm의 파장을 이용하여 표준곡선을 작성하였다 (Zhishen et al,1999). 실험 방법은 각각 자유 라디칼 소거활성(DPPH scavenging activity)은 (Brand-Williams et al, 1995), 질산염 소거 활성(Nitrite scavenging activity)은 (Kao et al, 2011), 환원력 분석(Reducing power)은 (Oyaizu, 1986), ABTS 라디칼소거활성은 (Re et al, 1999)의 방법을 일부 수정하여 이용되었다 (Jo et al, 2022). 각 항산화 활성 실험을 위한 표준물질의 정량곡선은 0.99 이상의 적절한 결정계수(R 2 )를 나타내었다(Figure 1).…”